Pyrimidine compound

ABSTRACT

[Problems] 
     Provided is a novel and excellent method for preventing and/or treating diseases related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor, based on an agonistic action on a cannabinoid type 2 receptor. 
     [Means for Solution] 
     It was found that a hetero ring derivative mainly having two substituents, for example, a pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivative having a substituent amino group at the 2-position, exhibits a potent agonistic action on a cannabinoid type 2 receptor, and can be an agent for preventing and/or treating diseases related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor such as inflammatory diseases, pain, and the like, thereby the present invention was completed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a pyrimidine compound which is useful as an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical composition, in particular, a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating a disease related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor.

BACKGROUND ART

A cannabinoid is a generic name referring to marijuana components contained in Cannabis sativa, about 60 kinds or more thereof are known so far, and typical examples thereof include tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol, and the like. Marijuana has been used in pharmaceuticals or the like for thousands of years, and it shows a neuropsychiatric response and causes sensory confusion, euphoria, analgesic action, hallucination, or the like. Cannabinoids have a great variety of pharmacological actions, and have been found to have an immunosuppressive action, an anti-inflammatory action, an analgesic action, or the like, in addition to the actions in the central nervous system.

A cannabinoid receptor is a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, and two types thereof, a cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) and a cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2), have been hitherto identified and screened (Nature, 1990, 346, 561-564; and Nature, 1993, 365, 61-65). Human CB1 consists of 472 amino acids, and is significantly expressed in the globus pallidus, striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, stratum moleculare of cerebellum, cerebral cortex, or the like in the brain. Besides the expression in the brain, it is also expressed in the testis, vas deferens, uterus, small intestine, blood vessels, or the like. CB2 consists of 360 amino acids, has a homology of 44% to CB1, and is significantly expressed in the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, and also in leukocyte cells such as macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, eosinophils, and the like. Recently, CB2 has also been reported to be expressed in the brain (Science, 2005, 310, 329-332).

A CB2 agonist has been reported to exhibit a central analgesic action (European Journal of Neuroscience, 2006, 23, 1530-1538) and a peripheral analgesic action (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005, 102, 3093-3098). Also, a CB2 agonist has been reported to exhibit an immunosuppressive action and an anti-inflammatory action since CB2 is significantly expressed in the hematopoietic cells and immune cells (British Journal of Pharmacology, 2003, 139, 775-786). It has been reported that a CB2 agonist has an anti-pruritic action in skin diseases (Science, 2007, 316, 1494-1497), and is expected to be applied to atopic dermatitis or the like. In addition, a CB2 agonist can be expected to be effective in atherosclerosis (Nature, 2005, 434, 782-786), reflux esophagitis (European Journal of Pharmacology, 2007, 573, 206-213), liver disorders (British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, 153, 286-289), and chronic liver diseases (Expert Opinion of Therapeutic Targets, 2007, 11, 403-409), due to its anti-inflammatory action and immunosuppressive action. Furthermore, CB2 is also expressed in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and a CB2 agonist has been reported to have an action of inhibiting bone destruction through an action of increasing the osteoblasts and an action of inhibiting the activity of the osteoclasts (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006, 103, 696-701).

As CB2 agonistic compounds, a pyridine derivative (Patent Documents 1 to 4), an indole derivative (Patent Document 5), a pyrrolopyridine derivative (Patent Document 6), an α-pinene derivative (Patent Document 7), an imidazopyridine derivative (Patent Document 8), a pyrrolopyridine derivative (Patent Document 9), a pyrrolopyrazine derivative (Patent Document 10), an imidazopyrimidine derivative (Patent Document 11), and the like have been reported. In addition, as a pyrimidine derivative, the following compounds have been reported. Patent Documents 12 to 15 show that a compound of the formula (A) has a CB2 agonistic activity and Patent Document 16 shows that a compound of the formula (B) has a CB2 agonistic activity. However, there is no disclosure of the compounds described in the present application.

(In the formula, Y represents phenyl which may have a substituent. For the other symbols, refer to the publications.)

Further, the following pyrimidine compound has been known.

Patent Documents 17 and 18, and Non-Patent Document 1 show that a compound of the formula (C) is useful in inflammation. However, these documents have neither disclosure of a CB2-related activity nor disclosure of the compound described in the present application.

(For the symbols in the formula, refer to the publications.)

Patent Document 19 shows that a compound of the formula (D) is useful for pain. However, this document has neither disclosure of a CB2-related activity nor disclosure of the compound described in the present application.

(For the symbols in the formula, refer to the publication.)

Patent Documents 20 to 22 describe that a compound of the formula (E), characterized in that the substituent R² is hydrazine, is useful for inflammation. However, these documents have neither disclosure of a CB2-related activity nor disclosure of the compound described in the present application.

(For the symbols in the formula, refer to the publications.)

Patent Document 23 describes that a compound of the formula (F) can be a ligand selective to a dopamine D3 receptor. However, this document has neither disclosure of a CB2-related activity nor disclosure of the compound described in the present application.

(For the symbols in the formula, refer to the publication.)

A compound of the formula (G) is commercially available from Aurora Fine Chemicals Ltd., and the like.

A compound of the formula (H) is a known compound (Registry Number: 1026643-33-3).

In documents relating to synthetic organic chemistry, pyrimidine derivatives are disclosed (Non-Patent Document 2 and Non-Patent Document 3).

RELATED ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

-   Patent Document 1: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2004/029026 -   Patent Document 2: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2004/029027 -   Patent Document 3: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/075464 -   Patent Document 4: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/080342 -   Patent Document 5: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     96/025397 -   Patent Document 6: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/121140 -   Patent Document 7: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2006/043260 -   Patent Document 8: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2007/017237 -   Patent Document 9: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2007/017264 -   Patent Document 10: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2007/088168 -   Patent Document 11: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2008/027812 -   Patent Document 12: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2004/018433 -   Patent Document 13: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2004/018434 -   Patent Document 14: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/075440 -   Patent Document 15: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/080349 -   Patent Document 16: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2005/080350 -   Patent Document 17: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     97/09315 -   Patent Document 18: Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,428 -   Patent Document 19: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2006/050476 -   Patent Document 20: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     97/09325 -   Patent Document 21: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     98/38171 -   Patent Document 22: Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,966 -   Patent Document 23: Pamphlet of International Publication No.     2007/118859

Non-Patent Documents

-   Non-Patent Document 1: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1998, 41,     413-419 -   Non-Patent Document 2: Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 2004, 6,     105-111 -   Non-Patent Document 3: Tetrahedron Letters, 1997, 38, 211-214

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problem that the Invention is to Solve

It is an object of the present invention to provide a compound which is useful as a pharmaceutical composition, for example, a pharmaceutical having a CB2 agonistic action, and in particular, an agent for preventing and/or treating diseases related to CB2.

Means for Solving the Problem

The present inventors have conducted extensive studies on CB2 agonists, and as a result, and found that a pyrimidine compound shown below has an excellent CB2 agonistic action, and thus can be an agent for preventing and/or an agent for treating diseases related to CB2, thereby completed the present invention.

That is, the present invention relates to a compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, and an excipient.

[wherein

R¹: lower alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —O-lower alkyl, halogeno-lower alkyl, -lower alkylene-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or -lower alkylene-O-lower alkyl;

R²: —C(O)R²⁰, —C(O)NR²¹R²², -lower alkylene-R²⁰, -lower alkylene-NR²¹R²², -lower alkylene-NR⁰C(O)R²¹, -lower alkylene-OR²¹, —NR⁰C(O)R²¹, —NR⁰C(O)OR²¹, NR⁰C(O)OR²¹, —NR⁰C(O)NR²¹R²², —NR⁰S(O)₂R²¹, or —NR⁰S(O)₂NR²¹R²²;

W: —CH₂, —NR⁰—, —O—, or —S(O)_(m)—;

R³: C₃₋₁₀ alkyl; C₂₋₆ alkenyl; C₂₋₆ alkynyl; halogeno-C₃₋₆ alkyl; C₁₋₁₀ alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 groups selected from Group G¹; R³⁰; —C₁₋₁₀ alkylene-R³⁰; —C₁₋₁₀ alkylene-O—R³⁰; —C₁₋₁₀ alkylene-O-lower alkylene-R³⁰; —C₁₋₁₀ alkylene-S(O)₂—R³⁰; —X—) C(R⁰)(phenyl)₂; or —CH(phenyl)-CH(OH)-phenyl;

wherein the C₁₋₁₀ alkylene may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G¹;

or W and R³ are, combined to each other,

R⁰: the same as or different from each other, each representing H or lower alkyl;

R²⁰: a nitrogen-containing saturated hetero ring group which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G²;

R²¹: lower alkyl, halogeno-lower alkyl, -lower alkylene-OR⁰, -lower alkylene-O—lower alkylene-OR⁰, -lower alkylene-O-halogeno-lower alkyl, or, —X—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, -lower alkylene-O—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —X—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, -lower alkylene-O—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, —X-aryl, -lower alkylene-O—X-aryl, -lower alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl, —X—hetero ring group, -lower alkylene-O—X-hetero ring group, or -lower alkylene-S(O)_(m)-hetero ring group, each of which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G³ on the ring;

R²²: H, lower alkyl, or -lower alkylene-OR;

R³⁰: C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, aryl, or a hetero ring group;

wherein R³⁰ may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G³;

R³¹: the same as or different from each other, each representing lower alkyl, halogen, —O-lower alkyl, halogeno-lower alkyl, —C(O)OR⁰, or nitro; Group G¹: halogen, —C(O)OR⁰, —C(O)N(R⁰)₂, —CN, —OR⁰, —O-lower alkylene-OR⁰, —O-halogeno-lower alkyl, —N(R⁰)₂, —N(R⁰)-phenyl, —N(lower alkylene-OR⁰)₂, —NHC(O)-lower alkyl, —N(R⁰)C(O)N(R⁰)₂, —S(O)_(m)-lower alkyl, and —S(O)₂N(R⁰)₂;

Group G²: lower alkyl, halogen, halogeno-lower

alkyl, —C(O)OR⁰, —C(O)N(R⁰)₂, —CN, —X—OR⁰, —O-lower alkylene-OR⁰, —O-halogeno-lower alkyl, —OC(O)-lower alkyl, —X—N(R⁰)₂, oxo, —X—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —X—O—X—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —X-phenyl, and —X-morpholinyl;

Group G³: lower alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, halogeno-lower alkyl, —X—C(O)OR⁰, —X—C(O)N(R⁰)₂, —CN, —X—C(O)R⁰, —X—OR⁰, —O-lower alkylene-O—R⁰, —O-halogeno-lower alkyl, —OC(O)-lower alkyl, —X—N(R⁰)₂, —X—S(O)_(m)-lower alkyl, oxo, —X—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —X—O—X—C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —X-aryl, —X—C(O)-aryl, —X—O—X-aryl, —X—S(O)_(m)-aryl, —X-hetero ring group, —X—O—X-hetero ring group, —X—S(O)_(m)-hetero ring group, and —O—CH₂CH₂—O— binding to the same carbon;

wherein the aryl and the hetero ring group may be substituted with lower alkyl, halogen, halogeno-lower alkyl, —O-lower alkyl, or oxo;

D: a bond or —C(R³¹)₂—;

E: a bond, —[C(R³¹)₂]₁₋₃—, or —O—C(R³¹)₂—;

wherein O binds to the benzene ring;

X: the same as or different from each other, each representing a bond or lower alkylene;

m: the same as or different from each other, each representing 0, 1, or 2;

n: the same as or different from each other, each representing 0, 1, or 2;

provided that

(1) in case R² is —C(O)R²⁰, R¹ is a group other than methyl and —W—R³ is a group other than —NH-phenyl which may be substituted;

(2) in case R² is —C(O)NR²¹R²², R³ is C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl or -lower alkylene-C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and the C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G³;

(3) in case R² is -lower alkylene-R²⁰ or -lower alkylene-NR²¹R²² and W is —CH₂—NR⁰—, —O—, or —S(O)_(m)—, R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl or -lower alkylene-C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and the C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G³;

(4) in case R² is -lower alkylene-NR⁰C(O)R²¹, R¹ is a group other than methyl;

(5) in case R² is —NR⁰C(O)R²¹, —NR⁰C(O)OR²¹, —NR⁰C(O)NR²¹R²², —NR⁰S(O)₂R²¹, or —NR⁰S(O)₂NR²¹R²², R¹ is a group other than methyl and —W—R³ is a group other than —CH₂-1H-pyrazol-1-yl which may be substituted, and —CH₂-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl which may be substituted; and

the following compounds are excluded;

-   2-(cyclohexylamino)-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide, -   2-(cyclohexylamino)-N,N-diethyl-4-isopropylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide, -   N-cyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylamino)-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide, -   tert-butyl({2-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-pyrimidinyl}methyl)(cyclopropylmethyl)carbamate, -   1-{[5-(methoxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino}-3-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, -   1-{[4-ethyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-2-pyrimidinyl](methyl)amino}-3-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, -   N-butyl-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   2-chloro-5-hydroxy-N-[2-[[4-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-pyrimidinyl]benzamide, -   N-{4-methoxy-2-[2-(propylamino)ethoxy]-5-pyrimidinyl}-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzenesulfonamide,     and -   N-{4-methoxy-2-[2-(propylamino)ethoxy]-5-pyrimidinyl}-4-isopropylbenzenesulfonamide].

In the present specification, the symbols defined above are used to represent the same meanings, unless otherwise specifically defined.

Further, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating a disease related to CB2, comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, that is, an agent for preventing and/or an agent for treating a disease related to CB2, comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof.

Further, the present invention relates to use of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating a disease related to CB2, use of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof for preventing and/or treating a disease related to CB2, and a method for preventing and/or treating a disease related to CB2, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof.

Effect of the Invention

The compound of the formula (I) has a CB2 agonistic action, and can be used as an agent for preventing and/or treating diseases related to CB2.

Examples of the diseases related to CB2 include inflammatory diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and the like), pain (for example, acute pain, chronic pain, nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, rheumatoid arthritis pain, osteoarthritis pain, and the like), cancers and tumors (for example, cancers of the immune system, lung cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, and the like), respiratory diseases (for example, respiratory distress syndrome, phthisis, asthma, chronic obstructive lung diseases, and the like), liver diseases, brain diseases, eye diseases (for example, ocular hypertension, cataracts, glaucoma, retinal diseases, and the like), skin diseases (for example, itching dermatitis, fungal diseases on the skin surface, and the like), cardiovascular diseases (for example, angina, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis after coronary stent, thrombosis, and the like), allergic conditions (for example, anaphylaxis, allergic asthma, atopic asthma, drug allergy, and the like), gastrointestinal diseases (for example, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and the like), immune diseases (for example, immune deficiency, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and the like), neurological conditions (for example, neurodegenerative diseases, nausea, neuropathy, dementia, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory disorders, anorexia, cibophobia, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep apnea, drug addiction, movement disorders, convolsion, paresthesia, and the like), bone formation, bone reconstruction, obesity, and the like.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail.

In the definitions in the present specification, “alkyl”, “alkylene”, “alkenyl”, and “alkynyl” mean linear or branched hydrocarbon chains, unless otherwise specifically defined.

The “lower alkyl” refers to linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (hereinafter referred to as C₁₋₆), for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like. In another embodiment, it is C₁₋₄ alkyl, and in a further embodiment, it is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or tert-butyl.

The “lower alkylene” refers to linear or branched C₁₋₆ alkylene, for example, methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, propylene, methylmethylene, ethylethylene, 1,2-dimethylethylene, or 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene. In another embodiment, it is C₁₋₅ alkylene, and in a further embodiment, it is methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, or pentamethylene.

The “lower alkenyl” refers to linear or branched C₂₋₆ alkenyl, for example, vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, 1-methylvinyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, or the like. In another embodiment, it is C₂₋₄alkenyl.

The “lower alkynyl” refers to linear or branched C₂₋₆ alkynyl, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1,3-butadynyl, 1,3-pentadynyl, or the like. In another embodiment, it is C₂₋₄ alkynyl.

The “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

The “halogeno-lower alkyl” refers to lower alkyl substituted with at least one halogen. In another embodiment, it is lower alkyl substituted with one to seven halogen atoms, and in a further embodiment it is trifluoromethyl.

The “cycloalkyl” refers to a C₃₋₁₀ saturated hydrocarbon ring group, which may have a bridge. It is, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, hexahydromethanopentalenyl, or the like. In another embodiment, it is C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, in a further embodiment, it is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, in a still further embodiment, it is cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or hexahydromethanopentalenyl, and in a still further embodiment, it is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or adamantyl.

The “cycloalkenyl” refers to C₄₋₁₅ cycloalkenyl, which may have a bridge. It is, for example, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl group, or the like. In another embodiment, it is C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and in a further embodiment, it is cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.

The “aryl” refers to a C₆₋₁₄ monocyclic to tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, and includes ring groups which are condensed with C₅₋₈cycloalkene at the double bond site. It is, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthalenyl, indanyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, or the like. In another embodiment, it is phenyl or naphthyl, and in a further embodiment, it is phenyl.

The “hetero ring” group means a ring group selected from i) a 3- to 8-membered, in another embodiment, 5- to 7-membered, monocyclic hetero ring containing 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, and ii) a bi- to tricyclic hetero ring containing 1 to 5 hetero atoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, formed by condensation of the monocyclic hetero ring with 1 or 2 rings selected from a monocyclic hetero ring, benzene ring, C₅₋₈cycloalkane, and C₅₋₈cycloalkene. It may form a spiro ring. The ring atom, sulfur or nitrogen, may be oxidized to form an oxide or dioxide.

As the “hetero ring”, the following embodiments may be mentioned:

(1) Monocyclic saturated hetero ring

(a) those containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, diazepanyl, azocanyl, azonanyl, and the like;

(b) those containing 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms and 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and/or 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, homomorpholinyl, thiazepanyl, and the like;

(c) those containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms, for example oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxoranyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, and the like;

(d) those containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like; and

(e) those containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, oxathiolanyl, and the like;

(2) Monocyclic unsaturated hetero ring group

(a) those containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, dihydrotriazinyl, azepinyl, and the like;

(b) those containing 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms and 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and/or 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazinyl, oxadinyl, and the like;

(c) those containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms, for example, furyl, dioxolyl, pyranyl, oxepinyl, and the like;

(d) those containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, thienyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrodithiopyranyl, dihydrodithionyl, thiepinyl, and the like; and

(e) those containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms, for example, dihydrooxathiopyranyl, and the like;

(3) Condensed polycyclic saturated hetero ring group

(a) those containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example, quinuclidinyl, 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, and the like;

(b) those containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms and 1 to 3 oxygen atoms and/or 1 to 3 sulfur atoms, for example, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, trithiadiazaindenyl, dioxoloimidazolidinyl, and the like; and

(c) those containing 1 to 3 oxygen atoms and/or 1 to 3 sulfur atoms, for example, oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.2]octyl, and the like; and

(4) Condensed polycyclic unsaturated hetero ring

(a) those containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example, dihydropyrrolotriazolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, indolidinyl, indazolyl, dihydroindazolyl, benzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, tetrahydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydropyrrolopyradinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, tetrahydropyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, benzotriazolyl, triazolopyridinyl, purinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, quinolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, quinolidinyl, cinnolinyl, phthaladinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, dihydroquinoxalinyl, tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, naphthylidinyl, benzopyrimidinyl, tetrahydrobenzazepinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl, and the like;

(b) those containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms and 1 to 3 oxygen atoms and/or 1 to 3 sulfur atoms, for example, imidazothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, benzisooxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, imidazothiadiazolyl, dihydrothienopyridinyl, dihydrothiazolopyridinyl, dihydrobenzoxadinyl, 3H-spiro[2-benzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl, and the like;

(c) those containing 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, for example benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzodioxolyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, xanthenyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, and the like;

(d) those containing 1 to 3 sulfur atoms, for example, dihydrocyclopentathiophenyl, thienothiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, dihydrothiochromenyl, benzodithiopyranyl, dibenzo[b,d]thienyl, and the like; and

(e) those containing 1 to 3 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 sulfur atoms, for example, benzoxathiopyranyl, phenoxazinyl, and the like; and others.

The “nitrogen-containing hetero ring” means those containing at least one nitrogen atom, as (1)-(a), (1)-(b), (2)-(a), (2)-(b), (3)-(a), (3)-(b), (4)-(a), (4)-(b), and the like, among the above-described “hetero ring”.

The “nitrogen-containing saturated hetero ring” means those in which the bonds constituting the ring consist of single bonds, as (1)-(a), (1)-(b), (3)-(a), (3)-(b), and the like, among the above-described “nitrogen-containing hetero ring”. In a certain embodiment, the “nitrogen-containing saturated hetero ring” is a 5- to 8-membered ring group having one N and further one hetero atom selected from O and S, and having a bond on the nitrogen atom constituting the ring. In another embodiment, it is 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidyl, 1-azepanyl, 1-azocanyl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, homomorpholin-4-yl, thiazepan-4-yl, or 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-yl.

The “cyclic amine” means a nitrogen-containing hetero ring having a bond on the N atom of the ring.

“—O—CH₂CH₂—O— binding to the same carbon” refers to a divalent group which forms an acetal as a protected carbonyl group, for example, it is shown in Example Compound 101.

In the present specification, “which may be substituted” means unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 5 substituents. Further, if plural substituents are present, the substituents may be the same as or different from each other.

Embodiments of the present invention are presented below.

(1) R¹ is, in an embodiment, lower alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or halogeno-lower alkyl, in another embodiment, lower alkyl or C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, in a further embodiment, halogeno-lower alkyl, in a still further embodiment, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, or trifluoromethyl, in a still further embodiment, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, or cyclopropyl, in a still further embodiment, tert-butyl, and in a still further embodiment, trifluoromethyl.

(2) R² is, in an embodiment, —C(O)R²⁰, —C(O)NR²¹R²², -lower alkylene-R²⁰, or -lower alkylene-NR²¹R²², in another embodiment, —C(O)R²⁰ or —C(O)NR²¹R²², in a further embodiment, —C(O)R²⁰, in a still further embodiment, -lower alkylene-R²⁰ or -lower alkylene-NR²¹R²², in a still further embodiment, —CH₂—R²⁰ or —CH₂—NR²¹R²², and in a still further embodiment, —CH₂—R²⁰.

(3) W is, in an embodiment, —CH₂—, —NR⁰—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂—, in another embodiment, —NR⁰—, —O—, or —S—, and in a further embodiment, —NH—.

(4) R³ is, in an embodiment, R³⁰.

(5) R²⁰ is, in an embodiment, 1-pyrrolidyl, 1-piperidyl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, and 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl and halogen, in another embodiment, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoropyrrolidin-1-yl, 4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, in another embodiment, morpholin-4-yl, or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, in a further embodiment, morpholin-4-yl, and in a still further embodiment, 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl.

(6) R²¹ is, in an embodiment, -lower alkylene-OR⁰ or -lower alkylene-hetero ring group, and in another embodiment, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl.

(7) R³⁰ is, in an embodiment, C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, or a hetero ring group, each of which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G³ on the ring, in another embodiment, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring, in a still further embodiment, unsubstituted C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, in a still further embodiment, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring, and has a bridge, in a still further embodiment, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, or cyclodecyl, in a still further embodiment, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or adamantyl, each of which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring, in a still further embodiment, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, in a still further embodiment, exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl, in a still further embodiment, adamantan-1-yl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH, in a still further embodiment, adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH, in a still further embodiment, adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH at the 3-, 5- and/or 7-position, and in a still further embodiment, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 lower alkyl.

An embodiment of the compound of the formula (I) of the present invention is a compound comprising combinations of one or more of the embodiments of the groups described in (1) to (7) above, and specifically, for example, the following combinations.

(8) The compound, wherein R¹ is lower alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or halogeno-lower alkyl, R² is —C(O)R²⁰, W is —NH—, and R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring.

(9) The compound as described in (8), wherein R¹ is lower alkyl or C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl.

(10) The compound as described in (9), wherein R¹ is ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, or cyclopropyl.

(11) The compound as described in (10), wherein R¹ is tert-butyl.

(12) The compound as described in (8), wherein R¹ is halogeno-lower alkyl.

(13) The compound as described in (12), wherein R¹ is trifluoromethyl.

(14) The compound as described in (8) to (13), wherein R²⁰ is 1-pyrrolidyl, 1-piperidyl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl and halogen.

(15) The compound as described in (14), wherein R²⁰ is morpholin-4-yl or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl.

(16) The compound as described in (8) to (15), wherein R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring, and has a bridge.

(17) The compound as described in (16), wherein R³ is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or adamantyl, each of which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring.

(18) The compound as described in (17), wherein R³ is exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl.

(19) The compound as described in (17), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH.

(20) The compound as described in (19), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH.

(21) The compound as described in (20), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH at the 3-, 5-, or 7-position.

(22) The compound, wherein R¹ is lower alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or halogeno-lower alkyl, R² is —CH₂—R²⁰, W is —NH—, and R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring.

(23) The compound as described in (22), wherein R¹ is ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, or cyclopropyl.

(24) The compound as described in (23), wherein R¹ is tert-butyl.

(25) The compound as described in (22), wherein R¹ is halogeno-lower alkyl.

(26) The compound, as described in (25), wherein R¹ is trifluoromethyl.

(27) The compound as described in (22) to (26), wherein R²⁰ is 1-pyrrolidyl, 1-piperidyl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl and halogen.

(28) The compound as described in (22) to (27), wherein R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring, and has a bridge.

(29) The compound as described in (28), wherein R³ is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or adamantyl, each of which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH on the ring.

(30) The compound as described in (29), wherein R³ is exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl.

(31) The compound as described in (29), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may have 1 to 5 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halogen, and OH.

(32) The compound as described in (31), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH.

(33) The compound as described in (32), wherein R³ is adamantan-1-yl which may be substituted with 0 to 3 methyl or ethyl, 0 to 3 fluorine, and 0 to 1 OH at the 3-, 5-, or 7-position.

Examples of the specific compounds encompassed by the present invention include the following compounds:

-   5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3-ethyladamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-(3-fluoroadamantan-1-yl)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide, -   N-adamantan-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-adamantan-1-yl-5-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol, -   4,4-dimethyl-1-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, -   1-{5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}-4,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, -   3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-isopropylpyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-isopropyl     pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-cyclopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-cyclopropyl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2S,4S)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(3,3,4,4-tetrafluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-tert-butyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-tert-butyl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrimidin-2-amine, -   3-({4-tert-butyl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol, -   N-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-isopropyl     pyrimidin-2-amine, -   3,5-difluoro-7-{[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}adamantan-1-ol, -   3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)-5,7-difluoro     adamantan-1-ol, -   N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-isopropyl     pyrimidin-2-amine, -   3-({5-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol, -   3-({5-[(3,3,4,4-tetrafluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol,     rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(1R,2S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-(3,5-difluoroadamantan-1-yl)-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,5,7-trifluoroadamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,5,7-trifluoroadamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-(3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-yl)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-(3,5-difluoroadamantan-1-yl)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   N-adamantan-1-yl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, -   rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine,     and -   N-adamantan-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine.

The compound of the formula (I) may exist in the form of tautomers or geometrical isomers in some cases, depending on the kinds of the substituents. In the present specification, the compound of the formula (I) may be described to be only in the form of one isomer, but the present invention includes other isomers, isolated forms of the isomers, or a mixture thereof.

Further, the compound of the formula (I) may have asymmetric carbon atoms or axial asymmetries in some cases, and correspondingly, it may exist in the form of optical isomers. The present invention includes an isolated form of the optical isomers of the compound of the formula (I) or a mixture thereof.

Moreover, a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of the compound of the formula (I) are also included in the present invention. The pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug refers to a compound having a group which can be converted into an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or the like by solvolysis or under a physiological condition. Examples of the group for forming a prodrug include the groups as described in Prog. Med., 5, 2157-2161 (1985) or “Pharmaceutical Research and Development”, (Hirokawa Publishing Company, 1990), vol. 7, “Drug Design”, pp. 163-198.

Moreover, the salt of the compound of the formula (I) refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of the formula (I), and in some cases, it forms an acid addition salt or a salt with a base, depending on the kind of substituents. Specifically, examples thereof include acid addition salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and with organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, ditoluoyl tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and the like, and salts with inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, and the like, and with organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, lysine, ornithine, and the like, salts with various amino acids such as acetyl leucine and the like, and amino acid derivatives ammonium salts, and others.

Further, the present invention includes various hydrates or solvates, and polymorphic substances of the compound of the formula (I) and a salt thereof. Also, the present invention includes the compounds labeled with various radioactive or non-radioactive isotopes.

(Preparation Processes)

The compound of the formula (I) and a salt thereof can be prepared by applying various known synthetic methods, using the characteristics based on their basic skeletons or the kinds of substituents. At this time, depending on the kinds of functional groups, it is in some cases effective from the viewpoint of the preparation techniques to substitute the functional group with an appropriate protecting group (a group which can easily be converted into the functional group), during the steps from starting materials to intermediates. Examples of such a protecting group include the protecting groups as described in “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (4th Edition, 2006)”, edited by P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, which may be appropriately selected and used depending on the reaction conditions. In these methods, a desired compound can be obtained by introducing the protecting group to carry out the reaction, and then, if desired, removing the protecting group.

In addition, the prodrug of the compound of the formula (I) can be prepared by introducing a specific group during the steps from the starting materials to the intermediates, in a similar manner to the above-mentioned protecting groups, or by further carrying out a reaction using the compound of the formula (I) obtained. The reaction may be carried out by employing a method conventionally known to a person skilled in the art, such as common esterification, amidation, dehydration and the like.

Hereinbelow, representative production process for the compound of the formula (I) are described. Each of the production processes can also be carried out with reference to the reference documents cited in the description. Further, the production processes of the present invention are not limited to examples shown below.

(Production Process 1)

Compounds of the formula (I-a) and the formula (I-b) can be obtained by the reaction of a carboxylic acid (1) with an amine (2).

In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (1) and a cyclic amine (2a) or a non-cyclic amine (2b) are used in equivalent amounts or in an excessive amount of either thereof, and the mixture thereof is stirred from under cooling to under heating, preferably at −20° C. to 60° C., usually for 0.1 hour to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction, in the presence of a condensing agent. The solvent as used herein is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or the like, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, or the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, or the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, or water, and a mixture thereof. Examples of the condensing agent include 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, diphenyl phosphoryl azide, phosphorous oxychloride, and the like, but are not limited to these. It may be preferable to use an additive (for example, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole) for the reaction in some cases. It may be advantageous for the smooth progress of the reaction to carry out the reaction in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, or the like, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, or the like, in some cases.

Further, a method, in which the carboxylic acid (1) is converted to its reactive derivative, and then reacted with the amine (2), can also be used. Examples of the reactive derivative of the carboxylic acid include an acid halide obtained by the reaction with a halogenating agent such as phosphorous oxychloride, thionyl chloride and the like, a mixed acid anhydride obtained by the reaction with isobutyl chloroformate and the like, and an active ester obtained by the condensation with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and the like. The reaction of the reactive derivative with the amine (2) can be carried out from under cooling to under heating, preferably at −78° C. to 60° C., in a solvent which is inert to the reaction, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and the like.

Examples of the reference documents include “Organic Functional Group Preparations”, edited by S. R. Sandler and W. Karo, 2nd edition, vol. 1, Academic Press Inc., 1991, “Jikken Kagaku Koza (Course in Experimental Chemistry, 5th edition (vol. 16)”, edited by The Chemical Society of Japan, Maruzen, 2005, or the like.

(Production Process 2)

(In the formula, W^(a) represents —NR⁰—, —O—, or —S—, or R³—W^(a)H represents a cyclic amine; and L¹ represents a leaving group. The same shall apply hereinafter.)

A compound of the formula (I-c) can be obtained by the reaction of a compound (3) with a compound (4). Examples of the leaving group include halogen, methylsulfinyl, and methylsulfonyl group.

In this reaction, the compound (3) and the compound (4) are used in equivalent amounts or in an excessive amount of either thereof, and the mixture is stirred from under cooling to heating with reflux, preferably at 0° C. to 150° C., usually for 0.1 hour to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction or without a solvent. It may be advantageous in some cases for the smooth progress of the reaction to heat the reaction mixture by radiation with microwave. The solvent as used herein is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, and the like, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and a mixture thereof. It may be advantageous for the smooth progress of the reaction to carry out the reaction in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, or the like, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, or the like, in some cases.

Examples of the reference documents include “Organic Functional Group Preparations”, edited by S. R. Sandler and W. Karo, 2nd edition, vol. 1, Academic Press Inc., 1991, “Jikken Kagaku Koza (Experimental Chemistry Course, 5th edition (vol. 14)”, edited by The Chemical Society of Japan, Maruzen, 2005, or the like.

(Production Process 3)

(In the formula, L² represents a leaving group and p represents 1 to 6. The same shall apply hereinafter.)

Compounds of the formula (I-d) and the formula (I-e) can be obtained by the reaction of a compound (5) with the compound (2). Examples of the leaving group include halogen, methanesulfonyloxy, and p-toluenesulfonyloxy group. The reaction condition is the same as for Production Process 2.

(Production Process 4)

(In the formula, L³ represents a leaving group and q represents 0 to 6. The same shall apply hereinafter.)

An amide compound (I-f), a carbamate compound (I-g), a urea compound (I-h), and a sulfonamide compound (I-j) can be obtained by using a compound (6) as a starting material. Examples of the leaving group for L³ include halogen and the like. Alternatively, various acid anhydrides can be used.

The amide compound (I-f) is obtained by the reaction of the compound (6) with a carboxylic acid (7a) in the presence of a condensing agent in the similar manner to Production Process 1. Further, it is also obtained by converting the carboxylic acid (7a) into its reactive derivative in the similar manner to Production Process 1, and then reacting with the compound (6). The compounds (I-g) to (I-j) are obtained by reacting the compound (6) with each corresponding carbonic ester derivative (7b), isocyanate (7c), and sulfonyl halide (7d) under the same condition as described for the reactive derivative of the carboxylic acid above.

(Production Process 5)

Compounds of the formula (I-k) and the formula (I-m) can be obtained by converting the carboxylic acid (1) to a corresponding isocyanate (8) and then reacting with an alcohol or phenol (9), or the amine (2b).

The isocyanate (8) can be obtained and isolated by Curtius rearrangement of a corresponding acid azide compound, Hoffmann rearrangement of a primary amide compound, or the like. The acid azide can be obtained by reacting the carboxylic acid (1) with an azide salt such as sodium azide and the like in the presence of an activating agent, or by reacting a carboxylic acid with diphenylphosphoric acid azide.

(Production Process 6)

(In the formula, R^(21a) represents alkyl, cycloalkyl or the like which may be substituted, R^(21b) represents aryl or the like which may be substituted, and L⁴ represents a leaving group. The same shall apply hereinafter.)

A compound of the formula (I-n) can be obtained by the reaction of a compound (10) with a compound (11). Examples of the leaving group include halogen, methanesulfonyloxy, and p-toluenesulfonyloxy group. The reaction condition is similar to Production Process 2.

A compound of the formula (I-p) can be obtained by the Mitsunobu reaction of the compound (10) and a compound (12).

(Production Process 7)

(In the formula, M represents metals such as zinc and the like. The same shall apply hereinafter.)

A compound of formula (I-q) can be obtained by the reaction of the compound (3) with a compound (13). Examples of the leaving group include halogen methanesulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, and trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy group.

This reaction is carried out by using the compounds (3) and (13) in equivalent amounts or in an excessive amount of either thereof, and stirring the mixture thereof from at room temperature to under heating with reflux, usually for 0.1 hour to 5 days, in the presence of a nickel catalyst in a solvent which is inert to the reaction. The present reaction is preferably carried out under an inert gas atmosphere. The solvent as used herein is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and the like, ethers such as diethylether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, and the like, and a mixed solvent thereof. As the nickel catalyst, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel (II) and the like are preferable.

Various substituents on R¹, R², and R³ in the compound of the formula (I) can be easily converted to other functional groups by using the compound of the formula (I) as a starting material by the methods described in Examples to be described later, a method apparent to a skilled person in the art, or a modified method thereof. For example, any combination of the processes that can be usually employed by a skilled person in the art, such as O-alkylation, N-alkylation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, and the like, can be carried out.

(Preparation of Starting Compounds)

The starting compounds in the above production processes can be prepared, for example, by the methods as below, the methods as described in Preparative Examples to be described later, the known methods, or a modified method thereof.

(Starting Material Synthesis 1)

(In the formula, R_(f) represents a lower alkyl group).

A compound (15) can be obtained by the reaction of a compound (14) with the compound (4). The reaction condition is similar to Production Process 2 above. The compound (1a) can be obtained by a usual hydrolysis method from the compound (15).

(Starting Material Synthesis 2)

Compounds (3a) and (3b) can be obtained by the reaction of a compound (16) with the compound (2). The reaction condition is similar to the condition as described for the reactive derivative of the carboxylic acid in Production Process 1 above. The reaction temperature is preferably from −78° C. to −20° C.

A compound (10a) can be obtained by subjecting the compound (1) to a reduction reaction. For example, the compound (10a) can be obtained by reacting the compound (1) with isobutyl chloroformate, followed by reduction using sodium borohydride.

A compound (5a) can be obtained by reacting the compound (10a) with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride and the like.

A compound (6a) can be obtained by converting the functional group of the compound (5a), for example, by reacting the compound (5a) with potassium phthalimide, followed by decomposition using hydrazine.

A compound (6b) can be obtained by the rearrangement reaction of the compound (1). For example, the compound (6b) can be obtained by reacting the compound (1) with diphenyl phosphoric acid azide, followed by heating in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol and then deprotection.

The compounds of the formula (I) can be isolated and purified as their free compounds, salts, hydrates, solvates, or polymorphic substances thereof. The salts of the compound of the formula (I) can also be prepared by carrying out a conventional salt formation reaction.

Isolation and purification are carried out by employing general chemical operations such as extraction, fractional crystallization, various types of fractionation chromatography, and the like.

Various isomers can be prepared by selecting an appropriate starting compound or separated by making use of the difference in the physicochemical properties between the isomers. For example, the optical isomers are obtained by means of general optical resolution methods of racemic products (for example, fractional crystallization for inducing diastereomer salts with optically active bases or acids, chromatography using a chiral column or the like, and others), and further, the isomers can also be prepared from an appropriate optically active starting compound.

The pharmacological activity of the compound of the formula (I) was confirmed by the following tests.

Test Example 1 Human CB2-Mediated Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Production Inhibition Assay

The present test was performed using CHO cells expressing human CB2 (“Molecular Pharmacology”, 1995, vol. 48, p. 443-450). A suspension of human CB2-expressing CHO cells (2.5×10³/mL), and an assay medium added with a test substance and forskolin (final concentration 0.5 μM) were mixed in the equivalent amounts, and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the cAMP concentration in the cell lysis solution obtained by the addition of a 0.6% Triton X-100 solution was measured using a cAMP kit (manufactured by Cisbio international). The assay medium includes an α-MEM medium manufactured by Invitrogen, supplemented with 0.02% CHAPS, 1 mM isobutylmethyl xanthine, and 0.5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin. As the cAMP concentration in the cell suspension without the addition of forskolin was set as a cAMP increase rate of 0% and the cAMP concentration in the cell suspension with the addition of forskolin was set as a cAMP increase rate of 100%, the inhibitory rate of the intracellular cAMP increase at 30 nM test substance was determined.

The results are shown in Table 1. In the table, Ex indicates Example Compound number below, and Inh indicates an inhibitory rate of cAMP increase.

TABLE 1 Ex Inh (%) 45 79 55 63 64 85 67 76 72 99 79 74 83 84 88 76 103 67 106 74 109 80 122 70 133 80 138 49 143 70 161 75 166 70

Test Example 2 Inhibitory Effect on Hind Paw Weight Distribution in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rats

For the experiment, female Lewis rats (7-8 week old) were used. 50 μL of inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra (manufactured by DIFCO) suspended with liquid paraffin to 10 mg/mL was administered subcutaneously into the right hindlimb footpad. The test substance was orally administered next day, the weights of the left and right hind paws after an arbitrary time were measured using Incapasitance Tester (manufactured by Columbus Instruments), and the weight distribution between left and right was calculated. As the weight distribution of the group administered with the vehicle was set as the inhibitory rate of 0% and the weight distribution of the normal group was set as the inhibitory rate of 100%, the inhibitory rate of the test substance was calculated.

The results are shown in Table 2. In the table, Ex indicates Example Compound number below, Inh indicates an inhibitory rate of the weight distribution, and the description after to @ means the administration amount.

TABLE 2 Ex Inh (%) 64 52@0.1 mpk 72 40@0.1 mpk 103 41@0.3 mpk 109 35@0.3 mpk 122 45@0.1 mpk 166 66@0.3 mpk

As a result of the test above, it was demonstrated that the compound of the formula (I) has an excellent CB2 agonistic action and can be used for preventing and/or treating diseases related to CB2 shown below, or the like.

Inflammatory diseases, for example, diseases such as, dermatitis such as dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, poison ivy dermatitis/cosmetic poisoning, allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, atopic gastritis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, refractory colitis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory enteritis, regional ileitis, nephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome, vasculitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, ulcerative vasculitis, angiitis, rheumatoid spondylitis, arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, juvenile arthritis, reactive arthritis, undifferentiated spondylarthritis, retinitis, uveitis, retinal meningitis, conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, infective conjunctivitis, polydrteritis nodosa, thyroiditis, polymyositis, gingivitis, fever, tendinitis, bursitis, cystitis, ankylosing spondylitis, encephalitis, meningitis, malignant meningitis, bacterial cerebro spinal meningitis, cytomegalovirus meningitis, neuritis, sunburn, burns, rheumatic fever, vulvar vestibulitis, stomatitis, acute vaginitis, balanitis, balanoposthitis, chronic inflammation of mucous membranes, dermatomyositis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis, juvenile arthritis, pain associated with multiple sclerosis), and the like.

Pain, for example, diseases such as, rheumatoid arthritis pain, osteoarthritis pain, chronic pain, inflammatory chronic pain, acute pain, acute peripheral pain, low back pain, chronic low back pain, back pain, headaches, migraines, toothache, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, neurogenic pain, neuropathic pain, muscle pain, fibromyalgia syndrome, visceral pain, pelvic pain, neuralgia, sciatica, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic pain, HIV-related pain, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, neurogenic low back pain, fibromuscular skeltal pain, psychogenic pain, menstrual pain, pain illusion, hyperalgesia, hypoalgesia, toothache, neck pain, pain associated with viral infection, pain associated with influenza virus infection, functional abdominal pain (nonulcer gastrointestinal disorders, noncardiac pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and the like), pain associated with myocardial ischemia, multiple sclerosis pain, pain caused by trauma/toxin, allodynia, post-stroke pain, sprains, muscle strain, and the like.

Cancers and tumors, for example, diseases such as, cancer of the immune system, lung cancer, colon cancer, malignant brain tumors, skin cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, benign skin tumors, cancerous tumors and papillomas, small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, medulloepithelioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, tumors caused in embryo, astrocytoma, astroblastoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, plexus tumor, neuroepithelial tumor, epiphyseal tumor, ependymoblastoma, neuroectodermal tumor, sarcomatosis, malignant melanoma, schwannoma, lymphoma, glioma, thyroid epithelioma, neuroblastoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, glioma, tumor, pineal body tumors, malignant myeloma, and the like.

Respiratory diseases, for example, diseases such as, respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary tuberculosis, cough, bronchial asthma, cough based on increased airway hyperreactivity (bronchitis, flu syndrome, asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease, and the like), flu syndrome, anti-cough, airway hyperreactivity, tuberculosis disease, asthma (airway inflammatory cell infiltration, increased airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and the like), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cough, reversible airway obstruction, adult respiratory disease syndrome, pigeon fancier's disease, farmer's lung, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, airway disorder, emphysema, and the like.

Liver diseases, for example, diseases such as liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, chronic liver cirrhosis, and the like.

Brain diseases, for example, diseases such as brain damage, cerebral infarction, stroke, brain tumor therapeutics, cerebral ischemia, acute cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular ischemia, and the like.

Eye diseases, for example, diseases such as ocular hypertension, cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinopathy, retinal disease, eye globe disorders, corneal ulcer, and the like.

Skin diseases, for example, diseases such as pruritus, scleroderma, senile xerosis, sclerema, and the like.

Cardiovascular disease, for example, diseases such as angina pectoris, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart attack, cardiac ischemia, cardioplegic, telangiectasia, hypertension, hypotension, restenosis after coronary stent, thrombosis, vascular disease, cardiovascular symptoms associated with vascular vessel remodeling, and the like.

Allergic diseases, for example, diseases such as anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal allergy, allergic gastroenteritis, allergic asthma, atopic asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pollen allergy, drug allergy, and the like.

Digestive diseases, for example, diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases, constipation, diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, vomiting (cancer chemotherapy-induced vomiting), nausea, nausea especially associated with chemotherapy, nausea associated with AIDS wasting syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, functional gastrointestinal disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and the like.

Genitourinary diseases, for example, diseases such as dysmenorrhea and the like.

Immune diseases, for example, diseases such as immunodeficiency, immune regulation, autoimmune diseases, T cell lymphoma, psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, sepsis, septic shock, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIDS, and the like.

Complications associated with transplant, for example, diseases such as rejection after organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and the like.

Neurological diseases, for example, diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, depressive illness, manic depression, nausea, dizziness, phantom limb, nerve disorder, peripheral neuropathy, nerve damage, traumatic neurosis, dementia, senile dementia, dementia, senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, psychosis, schizophrenia, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, motor neuron disease, multi-infarct dementia, anoxia, vitamin deficiency, age-related memory impairment, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory impariament, amnesia, appetite regulation, anorexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, functional disorders, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep disorders, sleep abnormalities, insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, drug addiction, heartburn, dysphagia, pelvic hypersensitivity, neurodegeneration (associated with stroke, cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, spinal problems), movement disorders, convulsions, muscle cramps, tremor, paresthesia, hypersensitivity, and the like.

Besides, diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, Paget's disease, chronicfrailty, aversion, myasthenia gravis, diabetes, type I diabete, ischemic, spontaneous pneumothorax, neural retraction, urticaria, Sjogren's syndrome, spinal cord injury, traumatic cartilage injury, epilepsy, transient ischemic attack, opportunistic infections (HIV and the like), lichen planus, pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa, excessive formation scar, keloids, arthritis, cardiac ischemia, infarction, serum sickness, renal ischemia, aphthous ulcer, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, nephrotic syndrome, endotoxic shock, hypotension shock, reduction in fertility, Tourette's syndrome, suppression of memory, eczema, sarcoidosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, coronary artery disease, melanoma, Graves' disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, amylosis, diseases affecting the plasma cell lines, delayed or immediate hypersensitivity, parasitic/viral or bacterial infection, spine injuries, dizziness, obesity diseases, connective tissue diseases, diseases affecting lymphoid hematopoietic, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, associated cachexia syndrome, associated muscle cramps, bacterial meningitis, and the like.

A pharmaceutical composition containing one or two or more kinds of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof as an active ingredient can be prepared in accordance with a generally used method, using an excipient, that is, a pharmaceutical excipient, a pharmaceutical carrier, or the like, that is usually used in the art.

Administration may be carried out in any form of oral administration via tablets, pills, capsules, granules, powders, liquid preparations, or the like, or of parenteral administration via injections such as intraarticular, intravenous, intramuscular, or others, suppositories, eye drops, eye ointments, percutaneous liquid preparations, ointments, percutaneous patches, transmucosal liquid preparations, transmucosal patches, inhalations, and the like.

Regarding the solid composition for oral administration, tablets, powders, granules, or the like are used. In such a solid composition, one or more active ingredients are mixed with at least one inactive excipient. According to the conventional methods, the composition may contain inactive additives, for example, a lubricant, a disintegrator, a stabilizer, and a solubilizing aid. As occasion demands, tablets or pills may be coated with a sugar coating, or a film of a gastric or enteric material.

The liquid composition for oral administration includes pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, or the like, and contains a generally used inert diluent, for example, purified water or ethanol. In addition to the inert diluent, the liquid composition may contain adjuvants such as a solubilizing agent, a moisturizing agent, and a suspending agent, a sweetener, a flavor, an aroma, and an antiseptic.

Injections for parenteral administration include sterile, aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, or emulsions. As the aqueous solvent, for example, distilled water for injection or physiological saline is included. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include alcohols such as ethanol and the like. Such a composition may further contain a tonicity agent, an antiseptic, a moisturizing agent, an emulsifying agent, a dispersing agent, a stabilizer, or a solubilizing aid. These are sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, blending with bactericides, or irradiation. In addition, these can also be used by producing a sterile solid composition, and dissolving or suspending it in sterile water or a sterile solvent for injection prior to its use.

The agent for external use includes ointments, plasters, creams, jellies, cataplasms, sprays, lotions, eye drops, eye ointments, and the like. The agents contain generally used ointment bases, lotion bases, aqueous or non-aqueous liquid preparations, suspensions, emulsions, and the like.

As the transmucosal agents such as an inhalation, a transnasal agent, and the like, those in the form of a solid, liquid, or semi-solid state are used, and can be prepared in accordance with a conventionally known method. For example, a known excipient, and also a pH adjusting agent, an antiseptic, a surfactant, a lubricant, a stabilizing agent, a thickening agent, or the like may be appropriately added thereto. For administration, an appropriate device for inhalation or blowing can be used. For example, a compound may be administered alone or as a powder of formulated mixture, or as a solution or suspension in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, using a conventionally known device or sprayer, such as a measured administration inhalation device, and the like. A dry powder inhaler or the like may be for single or multiple administration use, and a dry powder or a powder-containing capsule may be used. Alternatively, this may be in a form such as a pressurized aerosol spray which uses an appropriate propellant, for example, a suitable gas such as chlorofluoroalkane, hydrofluoroalkane, carbon dioxide, and the like.

In oral administration, the daily dose is generally from about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg, preferably from 0.1 to 30 mg/kg, and more preferably 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, per body weight, administered in one portion or in 2 to 4 divided portions. In the case of intravenous administration, the daily dose is suitably administered from about 0.0001 to 10 mg/kg per body weight, once a day or two or more times a day. In addition, a transmucosal agent is administered at a dose from about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg per body weight, once a day or two or more times a day. The dose is appropriately decided, depending on the individual case by taking symptoms, ages, and genders and the like into consideration.

The compound of the formula (I) can be used in combination with various agents for treating or preventing the above-described diseases for which the compound of the formula (I) is considered to be effective. The combined preparation may be administered simultaneously, or separately and continuously, or at a desired time interval. The preparations to be co-administered may be prepared individually, or may be a pharmaceutical composition containing various agents for treating or preventing the above-described diseases for which the compound of the formula (I) is considered to be effective, and the compound of the formula (I).

EXAMPLES

Hereinbelow, the production processes of the compound of the formula (I) and starting compounds therefor are described in more detail with reference to Examples. The present invention is not limited to the compounds as described in Examples below. In addition, production processes of the starting compounds are shown in the Preparative Examples. Further, the production processes for the compound of the formula (I) is not limited only to the production processes of specific Examples below, and the compound of the formula (I) can be prepared in accordance with a combination of these production processes, or a method apparent to a person skilled in the art.

The following abbreviations are sometimes used in Preparative Examples, Examples, and Tables below.

PEx: Preparative Example number, Ex: Example number, Syn: Example number in which the corresponding compound was produced using the same method, PSyn: Preparative Example number in which the corresponding compound was produced using the same method, Str: Structural Formula, DAT: Physicochemical data, EI+: m/z value in the mass spectrometry (ionization EI, unless otherwise mentioned, representing (M)⁺), ESI+: m/z value in the mass spectrometry (ionization ESI, unless otherwise mentioned, representing (M+H)⁺), ESI−: m/z value in the mass spectrometry (ionization ESI, unless otherwise mentioned, representing (M−H)⁻), NMR1: δ (ppm) in ¹H NMR in DMSO-d₆, NMR2: δ (ppm) in ¹H NMR in CDCl₃, s: singlet line (spectrum), d: double line (spectrum), t: triplet line (spectrum), q: quartet line (spectrum), br: broad line (spectrum) (ex.: br-s), RT: retention time (min) in HPLC, MeOH: methanol, [α]_(D) ^(t): specific optical rotation at a temperature t° C., as measured with a sodium-D line. HCl in the structural formula represents hydrochloride, the number before HCl means a molar ratio. For example, 2HCl means dihydrochloride. In addition, Chiral in the structural formula indicates that it is an optically active product.

Preparative Example 1

A mixture of methyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate (10 g) and N,N-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (9.5 mL) was stirred at 75° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture were added N,N-dimethyl formamide (100 mL), S-methylisothiourea sulfate (2:1) (9.7 g), and sodium acetate (11.4 g), followed by stirring at 90° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain methyl 4-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (8.4 g) as a colorless oily substance.

Preparative Example 2

To a mixture of 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (20 g) and dichloromethane (120 mL) was added dropwise a solution of methyl 4-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (8.4 g) in dichloromethane (100 mL) under ice-cooling. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours, and then a saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added thereto. The aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform and the organic layer was washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain methyl 4-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (4.2 g) as a white solid.

Preparative Example 3

To a mixture of ethyl 4-isopropyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (500 mg) and 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added exo-2-aminonorbornane (612 mg) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-isopropylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (470 mg) as a white solid.

Preparative Example 4

To a mixture of ethyl 4-isopropyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (400 mg), (1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-aminehydrochloride (347 mg), and 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was added N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (1 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 16 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl 2-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-isopropylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (417 mg) as a pale yellow solid.

Preparative Example 5

To a mixture of methyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (4.0 g), rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine (3.7 g), and 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) was added N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (4.3 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 19 hours. To the reaction mixture were added water and 1 M hydrochloric acid, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain methyl rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (5.2 g) as a yellowish white solid.

Preparative Example 6

A mixture of methyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (0.30 g), 2,4-dichlorobenzyl amine (818 μL), and 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 21 hours. To the reaction liquid was added ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with saturated brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain methyl 2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (446 mg) as a colorless solid.

Preparative Example 7

To a mixture of methyl rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (5.2 g), methanol (25 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (33 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added 1 M hydrochloric acid, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with water to obtain rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (4.9 g) as a white powder.

Preparative Example 8

To a mixture of methyl 2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (443 mg) and ethanol (7 mL) was added a solution of potassium hydroxide (200 mg) in ethanol (4 mL), and the mixture was stirred under heating with reflux for 5 hours. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure, water (70 mL) was added to the residue, and the liquid property was made acidic (pH 1) with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) twice, and then the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (411 mg) as a colorless powder.

Preparative Example 9

A mixture of methyl 2-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (322 mg) and 6 M hydrochloric acid (3 mL) was stirred for 31.5 hours under heating with reflux. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was solidified from a mixed solvent of diisopropyl ether and ethyl acetate, and then the obtained solid was washed with ethyl acetate to obtain 2-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (297 mg) as a colorless powder.

Preparative Example 10

A mixture of 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carbonyl chloride (2.8 g) and dichloromethane (56 mL) was cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath, and morpholine (990 L) and triethylamine (1.9 mL) were added dropwise thereto while keeping the temperature at −50° C. or lower. The reaction mixture was stirred at −70° C. for 2.5 hours, and then ethyl acetate and water were added thereto. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine. After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (2.8 g) as a white solid.

Preparative Example 11

A mixture of rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (2.0 g), 4-methyl morpholine (1.1 mL) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (40 mL) was cooled to −10° C., isobutyl chloroformate (1.1 mL) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. The insoluble materials in the reaction mixture were filtered and washed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The filtrate was cooled to −60° C. and a solution of sodium borohydride (377 mg) in water (4.0 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring as it is for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and then the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate=10:90 to 20:80) to obtain rac-{2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methanol (1.05 g) as a colorless oily substance.

Preparative Example 12

To a mixture of rac-{2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methanol (1.05 g) and dichloromethane (21 mL) was added thionyl chloride (0.8 mL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring under ice-cooling for 30 minutes and at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution under ice-cooling, followed by stirring for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was extracted with chloroform and the obtained organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to obtain rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-(chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (1.06 g) as a pale yellow solid.

Preparative Example 13

A mixture of 5-(chloromethyl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (544 mg), potassium phthalimide (626 mg), and N,N-dimethylformamide (5.44 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure, and then to the residue was added ethyl acetate (150 mL), followed by washing with water (50 mL) three times, and then with saturated brine (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crude 2-({2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione as a pale yellow powder.

Preparative Example 14

To the crude 2-({2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione obtained in Preparative Example 13 were added methanol (15 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (0.125 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 4.5 hours. The resulting precipitate was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated, and then, the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol) to obtain 5-(aminomethyl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (105 mg) as a pale yellow powder.

Preparative Example 15

To a mixture of tert-butyl {2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}carbamate (267 mg) and 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added a 4 M hydrogen chloride-1,4-dioxane solution (3 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the obtained residue was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 mL), followed by extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The extract was washed with saturated brine (20 mL), and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol) to obtain N²-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,5-diamine (180 mg) as a yellow solid.

Preparative Example 16

To a solution of rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (1.12 g) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride (400 mg) under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was further stirred at an external temperature of 60° C. for 30 minutes, and then ice-cooled, and a mixture of methyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (481 mg) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture were added water and saturated brine, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate=100:0 to 97:3) to obtain a mixture (351 mg) of rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate and rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl2-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate as a colorless oily substance.

Preparative Example 17

To a solution of a mixture (110 mg) of rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate and rac-(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl2-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate in ethanol (3 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added 1 M hydrochloric acid (1 mL), and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated, and then the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol=98:2 to 90:10) to obtain rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (109 mg) as a colorless solid.

Preparative Example 18

To a mixture of 4-one-ethyleneketal-1-adamantane carboxylic acid (2 g) and toluene (30 mL) were added triethylamine (1.35 mL) and diphenylphosphorylazide (2.0 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 20 minutes, and then benzyl alcohol (1.8 g) was added thereto, followed by heating with reflux for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added thereto, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain benzyl 4-one-ethyleneketal-1-adamantane carbamate (2.3 g) as a colorless oily substance.

Preparative Example 19

To a mixture of benzyl 4-one-ethyleneketal-1-adamantane carbamate (2.0 g) and methanol (20 mL) was added 10% palladium-carbon (50% wet, 350 mg) at room temperature, followed by stirring for 7 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered using Celite and washed with methanol. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol-10% aqueous ammonia) to obtain 4-one-ethyleneketal-1-adamantane amine (1.15 g) as a colorless solid.

Preparative Example 20

To a mixture of 3,5-difluoro-7-hydroxy adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (1.04 g) and acetone (10 mL) were added triethylamine (1.25 mL) and ethyl chloroformate (860 μL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added a solution of sodium azide (437 mg) in water (5 mL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 80 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, water, and saturated brine in this order, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To the residue were added toluene (12 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (6 mL), followed by stirring at 85° C. for 15 minutes, and then benzyl alcohol (581 mg) and triethylamine (750 μL) were added thereto, followed by stirring at 95° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then water was added thereto, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, water, and saturated brine in this order, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain benzyl (3,5-difluoro-7-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)carbamate (1.15 g) as a white powder.

Preparative Example 21

To a mixture of benzyl [rac-(1S,2S,4R)-1,4-dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]carbamate (1.82 g) and ethanol (40 mL) was added 10% palladium-carbon (50% wet, 200 mg) at room temperature, followed by stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered using Celite and washed with ethanol, and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the obtained residue were added ethyl acetate (50 mL) and a 4 M hydrogen chloride-1,4-dioxane solution (5 mL), followed by concentration under reduced pressure, and the obtained pale yellow solid was washed with ethyl acetate to obtain [rac-(1S,2S,4R)-1,4-dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine hydrochloride (682 mg) as a colorless powder.

The compounds of Preparative Examples 22 to 80 shown in Tables below were prepared in the same manner as the methods of Preparative Examples 1 to 21. The structure, production process, and physicochemical data of each of Preparative Example Compounds are shown in Tables 4 to 16, respectively.

Example 1

To a mixture of rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (150 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (3.0 mL) were added 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methylamine (69 mg), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (81 mg), and 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (115 mg) in this order at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and saturated brine in this order, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and then the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained colorless oily substance was solidified using ethanol-water to obtain rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamino]-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide (173 mg) as a white solid.

Example 2

To a mixture of 2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (120 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2.4 mL) were added 4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (87 mg), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (62 mg), 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (88 mg), and N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (0.12 mL) in this order at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. To the reaction mixture were added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained white solid was first dissolved in a mixed solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate, and then solidified again to obtain N-adamantan-1-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidin-1-yl]carbonyl}pyrimidin-2-amine (81 mg) as a white powder.

Example 3

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (100 mg), (1R,2S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine (207 mg), and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained colorless oily substance was solidified from hexane-ethyl acetate to obtain 5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(1R,2S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-amine (98 mg) as a white solid.

Example 4

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (150 mg), rac-(1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine hydrochloride (300 mg), triethylamine (354 μL), and 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained colorless oil was solidified from hexane-ethyl acetate to obtain rac-N-[(1R,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (132 mg) as a white solid.

Example 5

To a mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholin-1,1-dioxide (130 mg), 1-amino-3-ethyl adamantane hydrochloride (245 mg), and N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) was added potassium carbonate (209 mg) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 80° C. for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained residue was solidified from ethanol to obtain 5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3-ethyladamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (154 mg) as a white solid.

Example 6

To a mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholin-1,1-dioxide (100 mg), 3-exo-hydroxymethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl-2-exo-amine hydrochloride (129 mg), and 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (0.20 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain rac-[(1R,2S,3R,4S)-3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]methanol (72 mg) as a white solid.

Example 7

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (150 mg), 6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (136 mg), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (14 mg), (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (19 mg), sodium tert-butoxide (98 mg), and toluene (2 mL) was stirred at 110° C. for 30 minutes under radiation with microwave. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained residue was solidified from a mixed solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain 1-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (62 mg) as a yellow powder.

Example 8

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (200 mg), methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylate (323 mg), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (19 mg), (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (25 mg), cesium carbonate (661 mg), and toluene (3 mL) was heated with reflux for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain methyl 1-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylate (170 mg) as a yellowish white solid.

Example 9

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (150 mg), adamantan-2-amine hydrochloride (476 mg), triethylamine (0.50 mL), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (3 mL) was stirred at 150° C. for 1 hour under radiation with microwave. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-adamantan-2-yl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl-2-amine (200 mg) as a colorless solid.

Example 10

To a mixture of rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-(chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (200 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (3 mL) was added morpholine (0.57 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure from the reaction mixture, and water was added to the residue, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained colorless oil was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), and a 4 M hydrogen chloride/1,4-dioxane solution (1 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration and washed with 1,4-dioxane to obtain rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine hydrochloride (187 mg) as a white solid.

Example 11

To a mixture of N-adamantan-1-yl-5-(chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (170 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (4 mL) were added morpholine (0.21 mL) and potassium carbonate (136 mg) under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-adamantan-1-yl-5-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (160 mg) as a white solid.

Example 12

To a mixture of 5-(aminomethyl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (103 mg) and dichloromethane (2 mL) were added tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid (53 mg), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (69 mg), and 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (98 mg) in this order at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate (50 mL), the organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and saturated brine in this order, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol), and the obtained product was solidified from a mixed solvent of ethanol and ethyl acetate to obtain N-({2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (41 mg) as a colorless powder.

Example 13

To a mixture of tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetic acid (89 mg), N,N-dimethyl formamide (1 μL), and dichloromethane (1 mL) was added oxalylchloride (54 μL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure, and then toluene (1 mL) was added thereto, followed by further concentration under reduced pressure, to obtain crude tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl acetyl chloride.

To a mixture of N²-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,5-diamine (147 mg), pyridine (62 μL), and dichloromethane (1 mL) was added a solution of the above crude tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl chloride in dichloromethane (2 mL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at room temperature for 6 hours. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate (50 mL), the organic layer was washed with a 10% aqueous citric acid solution, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was washed with warmed ethyl acetate to obtain N-{2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetamide (176 mg) as a colorless powder.

Example 14

To a mixture of N²-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,5-diamine (150 mg), pyridine (84 μL) and dichloromethane (3 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (72 μL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained residue was solidified from a mixed solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain N-{2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}benzamide (166 mg) as a white powder.

Example 15

To a mixture of N²-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,5-diamine (150 mg), pyridine (84 μL) and dichloromethane (3 mL) was added benzenesulfonylchloride (129 mg) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at room temperature for 6 hours. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate), and the obtained residue was solidified from a mixed solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain N-{2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}benzenesulfonamide (174 mg) as a white powder.

Example 16

To a mixture of 2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (307 mg), triethylamine (162 μL), and tert-butyl alcohol (9 mL) was added diphenylphosphorylazide (250 μL), followed by stirring at 90° C. for 7 hours. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (50 mL), followed by extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and then the extract was washed with saturated brine (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain tert-butyl {2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}carbamate (270 mg) as a pale yellow powder.

Example 17

To a mixture of 2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (300 mg), triethylamine (197 μL), and toluene (6 mL) was added dropwise diphenyl phosphoric acid azide (265 μL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 10 minutes, and a solution of tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl methanol (131 mg) in toluene was added thereto, followed by heating with reflux for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained pale yellow solid was washed with ethyl acetate-hexane to obtain tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl {2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}carboxamide (178 mg) as a white solid.

Example 18

To a mixture of 2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (300 mg), triethylamine (197 μL), and toluene (6 mL) was added dropwise diphenyl phosphoric acid azide (265 μL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 10 minutes and a solution of tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (115 mg) in toluene was added thereto, followed by heating with reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was left to be cool to room temperature, and the precipitated solid was filtered and washed with toluene. The obtained white solid was washed with ethanol to obtain 1-{2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}-3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)urea (138 mg) as a white solid.

Example 19

To a mixture of {2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methanol (200 mg), phenol (70 μL), triphenyl phosphine (190 mg) and dichloromethane (4 mL) was added diethyl azodicarboxylate (330 μL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained pale yellow solid was washed with ethanol-water to obtain N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (55 mg) as a white solid.

Example 20

To a mixture of 60% sodium hydride (26 mg) and N,N-dimethylformamide (4 mL) was added {2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}methanol (200 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, bromomethyl cyclohexane (139 μL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. 60% Sodium hydride (26 mg) and bromomethyl cyclohexane (139 μL) were added thereto again, followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(cyclohexylmethoxy)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (100 mg) as a white solid.

Example 21

To a solution of rac-2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (55 mg) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) were added 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (70 mg) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (49 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (49 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the obtained residue was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol=100:0 to 95:5). To the obtained residue was added ethanol (3 mL), followed by heating and dissolving, and then stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The precipitated colorless solid was collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of ethanol, and then dried to obtain rac-4-({2-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo [2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}carbonyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (45 mg).

Example 22

To a solution of quinuclidin-3-ol (127 mg) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride (60 mg), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (344 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, and then at 80° C. for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture were added water and saturated brine, followed by stirring and then extracting with a mixed solvent of chloroform:2-propanol=3:1. The obtained organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform:methanol:28% aqueous ammonia=10:1:0.1) to obtain a colorless oily substance (207 mg). This oily substance was dissolved in ethanol (5 mL) and then fumaric acid (58 mg) was added thereto, followed by stirring at an external temperature of 80° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature under stirring, and further stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the obtained colorless solid was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol, and dried to obtain 3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}oxy)quinuclidine fumarate (138 mg).

Example 23

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (170 mg), 2,4-dichlorophenol (112 mg), cesium carbonate (225 mg), and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours, and then at 100° C. for 10 hours. To the reaction liquid was added ethyl acetate (30 mL), followed by washing with saturated brine (20 mL) and a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) in this order, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-ethyl acetate) to obtain 4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (36 mg) as a brown oily substance.

Example 24

A mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}morpholine (167 mg), 3-chlorobenzenethiol (98 mg), cesium carbonate (221 mg), and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours, and then at 70° C. for 10 hours. To the reaction liquid was added ethyl acetate (30 mL), followed by washing with saturated brine (20 mL) and a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) in this order, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-ethyl acetate) to obtain 4-({2-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl}carbonyl)morpholine (183 mg) as a colorless solid.

Example 25

To a mixture of methyl 1-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylate (100 mg) and methanol (2 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (670 μL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture were added 1 M hydrochloric acid and water, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with water to obtain 1-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylic acid (95 mg) as a white powder.

Example 26

To a mixture of 3-{[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}adamantan-1-ol (150 mg) and dichloromethane (3 mL) was added diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (70 μL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was alkalified by adding a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-(3-fluoroadamantan-1-yl)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (115 mg) as a white solid.

Example 27

To a mixture of (3-exo)-8-benzyl-N-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-amine (340 mg) and ethanol (5 mL), water (0.5 mL) were added ammonium formate (135 mg) and 10% palladium-carbon (50% wet, 100 mg) at room temperature, followed by heating with reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered using Celite and washed with methanol. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol-10% aqueous ammonia) to obtain (3-exo)-N-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-amine (270 mg) as a colorless solid.

Example 28

To a mixture of (3-exo)-N-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-amine (120 mg) and dichloromethane (3 mL) were added triethylamine (87 μL) and acetyl chloride (24 μL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol) to obtain (3-exo)-8-acetyl-N-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-amine (90 mg) as a white solid.

Example 29

To a mixture of 5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-5′H-spiro[1,3-dioxolane-2,2′-tricyclo[3.3.1.1^(3,7)]decan]-5′-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (200 mg) and tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was added 1 M hydrochloric acid (3 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was alkalified by adding a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-{[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}adamantan-2-one (100 mg) as a white solid.

Example 30

To a mixture of 5-{[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}adamantan-2-one (50 mg) and dichloromethane (2 mL) was added diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (0.12 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was alkalified by adding a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-(4,4-difluoroadamantan-1-yl)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (40 mg) as a white solid.

Example 31

To a mixture of ethyl 1-{[2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}piperidine-4-carboxylate (220 mg), methanol (3 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.37 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture were added 1 M hydrochloric acid and water, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, to the obtained residue was added water, followed by stirring for 30 minutes, and then the precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with water to obtain 1-{[2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (190 mg) as a white powder.

Example 32

To a mixture of 1-{[2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (100 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2 mL) were added 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (84 mg) and N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (77 μL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 1.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added 28% aqueous ammonia (2 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: chloroform-methanol), and the obtained crude product was solidified from a mixed solvent of ethanol and water to obtain 1-{[2-(adamantan-1-ylamino)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}piperidine-4-carboxamide (68 mg) as a white powder.

Example 33

To a mixture of methyl 3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantane-1-carboxylate (500 mg) and methanol (2 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.9 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 3 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and to the obtained residue were added water and 1 M hydrochloric acid, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The obtained precipitate was filtered and washed with water to obtain 3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (446 mg) as a white powder.

Example 34

To a mixture of 3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (120 mg) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (3 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (97 mg) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 28% aqueous ammonia (3 mL) at room temperature, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with water to obtain 3-({5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantane-1-carboxamide (100 mg) as a white powder.

Example 35

To a mixture of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (500 mg), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel (II) (190 mg), tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added a 0.5 M chloro(3-chlorobenzyl)zinc tetrahydrofuran solution (3.2 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 6 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). To the obtained pale yellow solid were added 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and 1-methylpiperazine (0.16 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 6 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained white solid was washed with ethanol to obtain 4-{[2-(3-chlorobenzyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (212 mg) as a white solid.

The compounds of Examples 36 to 170 shown in Tables below were prepared in the same manner as the methods of Examples 1 to 35. The structure of each of Example Compounds are shown in Tables 17 to 28, and the production process and physicochemical data of each of Example Compounds are shown in Tables 29 to 49. In addition, Example compounds 3, 79, 80, 83, 84, 95, 96, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 140, and 141 are optical active products.

Example C001

A solution of 4-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]carbonyl}thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (2062 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.5 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) was prepared. To cyclopropyl amine (60 μL) was added the solution (1 mL) prepared above, followed by stirring at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was left to cool to room temperature, and PS-Trisamine (Biotage) (50 mg) and PS—NCO (Biotage) (50 mg) were added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. The insoluble materials were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was collected and purified by HPLC (eluent: 0.1% aqueous formate solution-methanol) and concentrated to obtain N-cyclopropyl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (11 mg).

Here, the conditions for HPLC carried out to determine RT are shown below.

Column: ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (Waters) (particle diameter: 1.8 μm, internal diameter: 2.1 mm, length: 50 mm)

Mobile phase: A Solution 0.1% aqueous formate solution, B Solution methanol

Flow rate: 0.7 mL/min; Detection wavelength: 254 nm; Column temperature: 40° C.; Injection amount: 1 μL

TABLE 3 Time (min) A sol (%) B sol (%) Elution 0-3 95→10 5→90 Gradient 3-4 10 90 Isocratic

The compounds of Examples C002 to C334 shown in Tables below were prepared in the same manner as the method of Example C001. The structure of each of Example Compounds are shown in Tables 50 to 64 and the physicochemical data of each of Example Compounds are shown in Tables 65 to 68.

TABLE 4 PEx PSyn Str DAT 1 1

NMR2: 1.18 (3H, s), 1.22 (9H, s), 3.69 (3H, s), 7.36 (1H, s) 2 2

ESI+: 295 [M + Na] 3 3

ESI+: 326 [M + Na] 4 4

ESI+: 326 [M + Na] 5 5

ESI+: 338 [M + Na] 6 6

ESI+: 380 7 7

ESI+: 324 [M + Na]

TABLE 5 PEx PSyn Str DAT  8  8

ESI−: 364  9  9

ESI−: 303 10 10

ESI+: 318 [M + Na] 11 11

ESI−: 286 12 12

NMR1: 1.04-1.21 (3H, m), 1.38- 1.56 (4H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 2.14-2.18 (1H, m), 2.19-2.24 (1H, m), 3.58-3.72 (1H, m), 4.75 (2H, s), 8.02-8.12 (1H, m), 8.60-8.70 (1H, m) 13 13

ESI+: 455 [M + Na]

TABLE 6 PEx PSYn Str DAT 14 14

ESI+: 303 15 15

ESI−: 287 16 16

NMR1: 1.08-1.24 (6H, m), 1.38- 1.60 (8H, m), 1.75-1.88 (2H, m), 2.28-2.33 (2H, m), 2.35-2.39 (1H, m), 2.43-2.48 (1H, m), 4.80 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 4.89 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 9.17 (1H, s) 17 17

ESI+: 325 [M + Na] 18 18

ESI+: 366 [M + Na] 19 19

ESI+: 210

TABLE 7 PEx PSyn Str DAT 20 20

ESI+: 360 [M + Na] 21 21

ESI+: 142 22  1

NMR2: 1.34 (3H, t, J = 7 Hz), 2.62 (3H, s), 3.32 (3H, s), 4.36 (2H, q, J = 7 Hz), 7.42 (1H, t, J = 53.4 Hz), 9.15 (1H, s) 23  2

ESI+: 283 [M + Na] 24  2

NMR2: 1.47 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.45 (3H, s), 4.54 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.38 (1H, t, J = 53.4 Hz), 9.51 (1H, s) 25  2

ESI+: 295 [M + Na] 26  2

ESI+: 279 [M + Na]

TABLE 8 PEx PSyn Str DAT 27 3

ESI+: 360 [M + H], 382 [M + Na] 28 3

ESI+: 310 [M + Na] 29 3

ESI+: 366 [M + Na] 30 3

ESI−: 302 31 3

ESI+: 360 32 3

ESI+: 314 [M + Na] 33 3

ESI+: 370 [M + Na]

TABLE 9 PEx PSyn Str DAT 34 3

ESI+: 390 [M + Na] 35 4

ESI+: 326 [M + Na] 36 5

ESI+: 416 [M + Na] 37 5

ESI+: 388 [M + Na] 38 5

ESI+: 340 [M + Na] 39 5

ESI+: 368 [M + Na]

TABLE 10 PEx PSyn Str DAT 40 5

ESI+: 340 [M + Na] 41 5

ESI−: 406 42 5

ESI+: 432 [M + Na] 43 6

ESI+: 328 [M + Na] 44 6

ESI+: 319 45 6

ESI+: 360 [M + Na]

TABLE 11 PEx PSyn Str DAT 46 6

ESI+ 360 [M + Na] 47 6

ESI+: 378 [M + Na] 48 6

ESI+: 394 [M + Na] 49 7

ESI+: 342 50 7

ESI+: 380 [M + Na] 51 7

ESI−: 378

TABLE 12 PEx PSyn Str DAT 52 7

ESI−: 350 53 7

ESI−: 302 54 7

ESI−: 330 55 7

ESI−: 302 56 7

ESI+: 332 57 7

ESI+: 276 58 7

ESI+: 274

TABLE 13 PEx PSyn Str DAT 59 7

ESI+: 330 60 7

ESI−: 288 61 7

ESI+: 346 62 7

ESI+: 300 [M + Na] 63 7

ESI−: 332 64 7

ESI−: 338 65 7

ESI+: 276

TABLE 14 PEx PSyn Str DAT 66 7

ESI+: 416 [M + Na] 67 7

ESI+: 418 [M + Na] 68 7

ESI+: 276 69 8

ESI−: 290 70 8

ESI−: 322 71 8

ESI−: 322

TABLE 15 PEx PSyn Str DAT 72 10

ESI+: 366 [M + Na] 73 11

ESI−: 302 74 11

ESI−: 326 75 11

ESI−: 310 76 12

ESI−: 320, 322 77 12

NMR1: 1.62- 1.66 (6H, m), 2.03- 2.08 (9H, m), 4.74 (2H, s), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.62 (1H, s)

TABLE 16 PEx PSyn Str DAT 78 12

NMR1: 1.91- 1.99 (2H, m), 2.76 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.99 (2H, t, J = 6.3 Hz), 4.81- 4.85 (2H, m), 7.02- 7.09 (1H, m), 7.11- 7.22 (2H, m), 7.68- 7.73 (1H, m), 8.84 (1H, s) 79 19

ESI+: 204 80 20

ESI+: 298 [M + Na]

TABLE 17 Ex Str  1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

TABLE 18 Ex Str 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

TABLE 19 Ex Str 29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

TABLE 20 Ex Str 43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

TABLE 21 Ex Str 56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

TABLE 22 Ex Str 71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

TABLE 23 Ex Str 87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

TABLE 24 Ex Str 101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

TABLE 25 Ex Str 115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

TABLE 26 Ex Str 129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

TABLE 27 Ex Str 144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

TABLE 28 Ex Str 158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

TABLE 29 Ex Syn DAT 1 1 ESI+: 421 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.06-1.23 (5H, m), 138-1.77 (8H, m), 2.14-2.17 (1H, m), 2.20-2.24 (1H, m), 3.06-3.10 (2H, m), 3.22-3.29 (2H, m), 3.61-3.72 (1H, m), 3.81-3.87 (2H, m), 8.04-8.13 (1H, m), 8.45-8.56 (2H, m) 2 2 ESI+: 499 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.15-1.51 (2H, m), 1.62-1.68 (6H, m), 1.73-1.80 (1H, m), 1.87-1.94 (1H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 2.58-2.83 (2H, m), 2.98-3.23 (1H, m), 3.54-3.68 (1H, m), 4.50-4.61 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s) 3 3 ESI+: 435 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.76 (3H, s), 0.85 (3H, s), 0.94 (3H, s), 1.08-1.15 (1H, m), 1.19-1.28 (1H, m), 1.31-1.41 (1H, m), 1.59-1.69 (2H, m), 1.76-1.88 (1H, m), 2.14-2.25 (1H, m), 3.21-3.69 (8H, m), 4.26-4.47 (1H, m), 8.10-8.18 (1H, m), 8.47 (1H, s) 4 4 ESI+: 393 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.10-1.51 (6H, m), 1.55-1.67 (1H, m), 1.85-1.97 (1H, m), 2.14-2.19 (1H, m), 2.41-2.51 (1H, m), 3.21-3.72 (8H, m), 3.95-4.14 (1H, m), 8.18-8.30 (1H, m), 8.48-8.53 (1H, m) 5 5 ESI+: 509 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.77 (3H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 1.14 (2H, q, J = 7.6 Hz), 1.35-1.41 (4H, m), 1.51-1.63 (2H, m), 1.75-1.82 (2H, m), 1.95-2.13 (6H, m), 2.90-4.48 (8H, m), 7.82 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 6 6 ESI+: 471 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.99-1.05 (1H, m), 1.13-1.25 (2H, m), 1.44-1.56 (2H, m), 1.79-1.88 (2H, m), 2.08-2.12 (1H, m), 2.22-2.27 (1H, m), 2.88-4.08 (10H, m), 4.21- 4.50 (2H, m), 7.88-7.97 (1H, m), 8.66 (1H, s) 7 7 ESI+: 460 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.98-2.04 (2H, m), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.31-3.69 (8H, m), 4.05 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 8.02-8.03 (2H, m), 8.11-8.13 (1H, m), 8.84 (1H, s) 8 8 ESI+: 451 NMR1: 1.95-2.02 (2H, m), 2.84 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.31-3.69 (8H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz), 7.79-7.81 (1H, m), 7.90 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.78 (1H, s)

TABLE 30 Ex Syn DAT 9 9 ESI+: 433 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.45-1.53 (2H, m), 1.69-1.72 (2H, m), 1.75-1.87 (6H, m), 1.95-2.01 (2H, m), 2.07-2.18 (2H, m), 3.22-3.68 (8H, m), 3.92-4.09 (1H, m), 8.01-8.11 (1H, m), 8.52 (1H, s) 10 10 ESI+: 357 NMR1: 1.05-1.25 (3H, m), 1.38-1.58 (4H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 2.15-2.25 (2H, m), 3.05-3.25 (2H, m), 3.25-3.42 (2H, m), 3.60-3.78 (1H, m), 3.80-4.00 (4H, m), 4.31 (2H, s), 8.10-8.20 (1H, m), 8.96-9.08 (1H, m), 11.26 (1H, br-s) 11 11 ESI+: 397 NMR1: 1.62-1.66 (6H, m), 2.02-2.07 (9H, m), 2.31-2.37 (4H, m), 3.38-3.41 (2H, m), 3.53-3.57 (4H, m), 7.28 (1H, s), 8.49 (1H, s) 12 12 ESI+: 437 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.51-1.64 (4H, m), 2.37-2.46 (1H, m), 3.25-3.33 (2H, m), 3.82-3.88 (2H, m), 4.29-4.34 (2H, m), 7.03-7.07 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.64-7.68 (1H, m), 7.97 (1H, t, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.28-8.33 (1H, m), 8.71 (1H, s), 10.36 (1H, s) 13 13 ESI+: 437 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.19-1.31 (2H, m), 1.58-1.65 (2H, m), 1.92-2.04 (1H, m), 2.29 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.25-3.34 (2H, m), 3.81-3.87 (2H, m), 7.04-7.08 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.63-7.67 (1H, m), 7.96 (1H, t, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.68 (1H, s), 9.76 (1H, s), 10.44 (1H, s) 14 14 ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 7.07-7.10 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, t, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.54-7.59 (2H, m), 7.62- 7.71 (2H, m), 7.96-8.00 (3H, m), 8.81 (1H, s), 10.27 (1H, s), 10.51 (1H, s) 15 15 ESI+: 461 [M + Na] NMR1: 7.09-7.09 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, t, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.58-7.64 (3H, m), 7.68- 7.75 (3H, m), 7.88-7.90 (1H, m), 8.24 (1H, s), 10.13 (1H, s), 10.51 (1H, s)

TABLE 31 Ex Syn DAT 16 16 ESI−: 387 17 17 ESI−: 429 NMR1: 1.15-1.34 (2H, m), 1.43-1.65 (2H, m), 1.79-1.95 (1H, m), 3.23-3.37 (2H, m), 3.79-3.89 (2H, m), 3.89-3.99 (2H, m), 7.06 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.65 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.95 (1H, t, J = 2 Hz), 8.74 (1H, s), 9.26 (1H, br-s), 10.44 (1H, s) 18 18 ESI−: 414 NMR1: 1.32-1.45 (2H, m), 1.73-1.84 (2H, m), 3.34-3.42 (2H, m), 3.61-3.72 (1H, m), 3.76-3.87 (2H, m), 6.77 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.02 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, t, J = 8 Hz), 7.65 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.84 (1H, br- s), 7.95 (1H, t, J = 2 Hz), 8.91 (1H, s), 10.26 (1H, s) 19 19 ESI−: 378 NMR1: 5.13 (2H, br-s), 6.96-7.11 (4H, m), 7.3-7.39 (3H, m), 7.68 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.98 (1H, t, J = 2.2 Hz), 8.96 (1H, s), 10.51 (1H, br-s) 20 20 ESI+: 400 NMR1: 0.89-1.0 (2H, m), 1.04-1.17 (3H, m), 1.52-1.7 (6H, m), 3.92 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.5 (2H, s), 5.34 (1H, br-s), 7.3-7.34 (2H, m), 7.42-7.47 (2H, m), 8.62 (1H, s) 21 21 ESI+: 442 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.22 (3H, m), 1.38-1.58 (4H, m), 1.75-1.81 (1H, m), 2.28-2.36 (2H, m), 3.23-3.30 (4H, m), 4.25-4.32 (4H, m), 4.75-4.79 (1H, m), 8.98 (1H, s) 22 22 ESI+: 435 NMR1: 1.48-1.59 (1H, m), 1.63-1.82 (2H, m), 1.89-2.00 (1H, m), 2.22-2.28 (1H, m), 2.80-3.02 (5H, m), 3.16-3.40 (5H, m), 3.52-3.94 (3H, m), 4.36-4.52 (1H, m), 5.10-5.15 (1H, m), 9.09 (1H, s) 23 23 ESI+: 444 [M + Na] NMR1: 3.24-3.80 (8H, m), 7.54-7.58 (2H, m), 7.85-7.87 (1H, m), 9.03 (1H, s)

TABLE 32 Ex Syn DAT 24 24 ESI+: 426 [M + Na] NMR1: 3.24-3.76 (8H, m), 7.51-7.66 (3H, m), 7.80 (1H, t, J = 1.8 Hz), 8.96 (1H, s) 25 25 ESI+: 459 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.95-2.02 (2H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.27-3.72 (8H, m), 4.02 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz), 7.78 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.87 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.77 (1H, s), 12.73 (1H, s) 26 26 ESI+: 451 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.50-1.54 (2H, m), 1.78-1.83 (4H, m), 1.93-2.05 (4H, m), 2.21-2.33 (4H, m), 3.24-3.66 (8H, m), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.52 (1H, s) 27 27 ESI+: 386 NMR1: 1.55-1.94 (8H, m), 3.08-3.73 (11H, m), 4.02-4.22 (1H, m), 8.09-8.20 (1H, m), 8.48-8.55 (1H, m) 28 28 ESI+: 450 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.52-2.04 (11H, m), 3.23-3.66 (8H, m), 4.21-4.50 (3H, m), 7.96-8.07 (1H, m), 8.48-8.55 (1H, m) 29 29 ESI+: 447 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.84-2.02 (4H, m), 2.19-2.41 (7H, m), 2.45-2.49 (2H, m), 3.24-3.67 (8H, m), 7.96 (1H, s), 8.53 (1H, s) 30 30 ESI+: 469 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.69-1.82 (4H, m), 2.04-2.12 (5H, m), 2.25-2.35 (4H, m), 3.24-3.68 (8H, m), 7.91 (1H, s), 8.52 (1H, s) 31 31 ESI+: 475 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.27-1.69 (8H, m), 1.73-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 2.48-2.57 (1H, m), 2.88-3.20 (2H, m), 3.42-3.51 (1H, m), 4.21-4.37 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, s), 12.32 (1H, br-s) 32 32 ESI+: 474 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.25-1.69 (9H, m), 1.75-1.81 (1H, m), 2.02-2.10 (9H, m), 2.31-2.40 (1H, m), 2.75-2.84 (1H, m), 2.94-3.13 (1H, m), 3.47-3.55 (1H, m), 4.34-4.46 (1H, m), 6.81 (1H, s), 7.28 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, s), 8.45 (1H, s)

TABLE 33 Ex Syn DAT 33 33 ESI+: 525 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.56-1.64 (2H, m), 1.71-1.79 (4H, m), 1.91-2.21 (8H, m), 2.89-4.47 (8H, m), 7.88 (1H, s), 8.67 (1H, s), 12.04-12.19 (1H, br-s) 34 34 ESI+: 524 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.54-1.63 (2H, m), 1.66-1.76 (4H, m), 1.89-2.19 (8H, m), 2.88-4.47 (8H, m), 6.73 (1H, s), 6.97 (1H, s), 7.86 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 35 35 ESI−: 432 NMR1: 2.87-3.07 (1H, m), 3.14-3.48 (3H, m), 3.5-3.9 (3H, m), 4.31-4.52 (3H, m), 7.3-7.4 (3H, m), 7.44-7.48 (1H, m), 9.25 (1H, s) 36 1 ESI+: 457 [M + Na] NMR1: 3.22-3.72 (8H, m), 4.54-4.63 (2H, m), 7.34-7.46 (2H, m), 7.60-7.63 (1H, m), 8.53-8.59 (1H, m), 8.66-8.78 (1H, m) 37 1 ESI+: 383 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.48-1.59 (2H, m), 1.77-1.87 (2H, m), 3.22-3.74 (10H, m), 3.83-4.06 (3H, m), 8.11-8.26 (1H, m), 8.49-8.55 (1H, m) 38 1 ESI+: 374 NMR1: 1.44-1.59 (2H, m), 1.76-1.86 (2H, m), 1.88-1.99 (2H, m), 2.15 (3H, s), 2.70-2.78 (2H, m), 3.22-3.77 (9H, m), 7.74-8.16 (1H, m), 8.47-8.63 (1H, m) 39 1 ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.92-2.00 (2H, m), 2.76 (2H, t, J = 6.5 Hz), 3.27-3.73 (8H, m), 3.99 (2H, t, J = 6.2 Hz), 7.05 (1H, dt, J = 7.4, 1.2 Hz), 7.13-7.22 (2H, m), 7.71- 7.75 (1H, m), 8.70 (1H, s) 40 1 ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 2.87-2.95 (2H, m), 3.22-3.72 (8H, m), 3.96-4.08 (2H, m), 4.91 (2H, s), 7.14-7.32 (4H, m), 8.66 (1H, s) 41 1 ESI+: 461 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.12-1.23 (2H, m), 1.55-1.75 (9H, m), 2.02-2.09 (9H, m), 3.08 (2H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.22-3.29 (2H, m), 3.81-3.87 (2H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.46 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 8.49 (1H, s)

TABLE 34 Ex Syn DAT 42 1 ESI+: 449 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.62-1.67 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 2.42-2.72 (4H, m), 3.48-3.95 (4H, m), 7.72 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s) 43 1 ESI+: 481 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.61-1.69 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 2.87-4.53 (8H, m), 7.80 (1H, s), 8.65 (1H, s) 44 1 ESI+: 447 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.17-1.45 (2H, m), 1.57-1.81 (8H, m), 2.02-2.11 (9H, m), 3.03-3.47 (3H, m), 3.68-3.78 (1H, m), 3.88-4.05 (1H, m), 4.77-4.81 (1H, m), 7.68 (1H, s), 8.45 (1H, s) 45 1 ESI+: 467 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.62-1.68 (6H, m), 1.92-2.11 (13H, m), 3.34-3.82 (4H, m), 7.75 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, s) 46 1 ESI+: 494 NMR1: 1.12-1.50 (2H, m), 1.59-1.91 (8H, m), 2.01-2.11 (9H, m), 2.36-2.54 (4H, m), 2.73-2.84 (1H, m), 2.91-3.13 (1H, m), 3.28-3.35 (1H, m), 3.46-3.61 (5H, m), 4.35-4.45 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.42-8.52 (1H, m) 47 1 ESI+: 524 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.63-1.68 (6H, m), 2.04-2.12 (9H, m), 3.03-3.07 (4H, m), 3.72-3.76 (4H, m), 6.91-6.95 (2H, m), 7.48-7.53 (2H, m), 7.78 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s), 10.24 (1H, s) 48 1 ESI+: 454 NMR1: 1.61-1.68 (6H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 2.35-2.44 (6H, m), 3.28-3.35 (2H, m), 3.54-3.59 (4H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.38 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz), 8.47 (1H, s) 49 1 ESI+: 503 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.32-1.68 (8H, m), 1.74-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03- 2.10 (9H, m), 2.59-2.68 (1H, m), 2.88-2.97 (1H, m), 3.01-3.18 (1H, m), 3.44-3.52 (1H, m), 4.08 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.23-4.35 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, s)

TABLE 35 Ex Syn DAT 50 1 ESI+: 467 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.62-1.68 (8H, m), 2.04-2.11 (11H, m), 3.27-4.10 (4H, m), 7.76 (1H, s), 8.35-8.45 (1H, m) 51 1 ESI+: 497 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.42-1.60 (6H, m), 1.87-2.02 (6H, m), 2.14-2.20 (2H, m), 2.85-4.46 (8H, m), 4.53 (1H, s), 7.88 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 52 1 ESI+: 471 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.71-1.80 (2H, m), 1.88-1.99 (2H, m), 3.26-3.74 (10H, m), 4.65-4.76 (2H, m), 5.06 (2H, s), 7.23-7.32 (4H, m), 8.62 (1H, s) 53 1 ESI+: 519 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.71-1.81 (2H, m), 1.88-1.99 (2H, m), 2.89-4.50 (10H, m), 4.64-4.82 (2H, m), 5.06 (2H, s), 7.24-7.33 (4H, m), 8.77 (1H, s) 54 1 ESI+: 421 NMR1: 1.28 (6H, s), 1.78-1.85 (2H, m), 3.28-3.78 (8H, m), 3.99-4.08 (2H, m), 7.06-7.17 (2H, m), 7.40 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.69 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz), 8.69 (1H, s) 55 1 ESI+: 491 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.29 (6H, s), 1.82 (2H, t, J = 6.1 Hz), 2.85-4.58 (10H, m), 7.07-7.18 (2H, m), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz), 8.83 (1H, s) 56 1 ESI+: 477 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.12-1.23 (2H, m), 1.43-1.62 (8H, m), 1.65-1.75 (1H, m), 1.89-2.00 (6H, m), 2.14-2.19 (2H, m), 3.05-3.11 (2H, m), 3.22-3.30 (2H, m), 3.81-3.88 (2H, m), 4.53 (1H, s), 7.78 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 8.50 (1H, s) 57 1 ESI+: 395 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.36-1.49 (2H, m), 1.52-1.65 (2H, m), 1.78-1.90 (1H, m), 2.00-2.10 (1H, m), 3.19-3.77 (8H, m), 3.94-4.13 (1H, m), 4.46-4.52 (1H, m), 4.58-4.64 (1H, m), 8.46-8.58 (2H, m) 58 1 ESI+: 443 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.36-1.49 (2H, m), 1.53-1.65 (2H, m), 1.78-1.91 (1H, m), 2.00-2.11 (1H, m), 2.83-4.65 (11H, m), 8.53-8.61 (1H, m), 8.71 (1H, s)

TABLE 36 Ex Syn DAT 59 1 ESI+: 423 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.25-1.38 (7H, m), 1.43-1.53 (1H, m), 1.56-1.64 (1H, m), 1.76-1.86 (1H, m), 1.90-2.01 (1H, m), 2.10-2.24 (1H, m), 3.20-3.74 (8H, m), 4.09-4.28 (1H, m), 8.37-8.44 (1H, m), 8.51 (1H, s) 60 1 ESI+: 471 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.24-1.39 (7H, m), 1.43-1.54 (1H, m), 1.56-1.64 (1H, m), 1.76-1.86 (1H, m), 1.91-2.01 (1H, m), 2.11-2.23 (1H, m), 2.80-4.53 (9H, m), 8.44-8.52 (1H, m), 8.66-8.72 (1H, m) 61 1 ESI+: 395 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.37-1.60 (4H, m), 1.64-1.77 (1H, m), 1.84-1.94 (1H, m), 3.18-3.90 (9H, m), 4.34-4.39 (1H, m), 4.52-4.57 (1H, m), 8.06-8.14 (1H, m), 8.48-8.58 (1H, m) 62 1 ESI+: 443 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.36-1.60 (4H, m), 1.64-1.77 (1H, m), 1.84-1.95 (1H, m), 2.80-4.59 (11H, m), 8.12-8.21 (1H, m), 8.66-8.72 (1H, m) 63 1 ESI+: 471 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.14 (6H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.43-1.60 (6H, m), 1.91-2.02 (6H, m), 2.14- 2.19 (2H, m), 2.86-2.95 (1H, m), 3.11-3.34 (6H, m), 3.59-3.92 (2H, m), 4.49 (1H, s), 6.98 (1H, s), 8.22 (1H, s) 64 1 ESI+: 367 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.20 (9H, m), 1.39-1.66 (5H, m), 2.16-2.12 (2H, m), 2.87-2.96 (1H, m), 3.21-3.69 (9H, m), 7.26 (1H, s), 8.08 (1H, s) 65 1 ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.21 (9H, m), 1.37-1.67 (5H, m), 2.15-2.22 (2H, m), 2.85-2.95 (1H, m), 3.10-3.91 (9H, m), 7.32 (1H, s), 8.24 (1H, s) 66 1 ESI+: 343 NMR1: 0.92-1.17 (7H, m), 1.37-1.51 (4H, m), 1.55-1.62 (1H, m), 1.86-1.94 (1H, m), 2.10-2.20 (2H, m), 3.24-3.69 (9H, m), 7.04-7.29 (1H, m), 8.03 (1H, s)

TABLE 37 Ex Syn DAT 67 1 ESI+: 413 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.90-1.18 (7H, m), 1.37-1.63 (5H, m), 1.90-2.00 (1H, m), 2.10-2.21 (2H, m), 3.10-3.36 (5H, m), 3.46-4.21 (4H, m), 7.10-7.33 (1H, m), 8.14 (1H, s) 68 1 ESI+: 429 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.36-2.22 (10H, m), 3.34-3.92 (5H, m), 4.34-4.41 (1H, m), 4.52-4.58 (1H, m), 8.07-8.18 (1H, m), 8.55-8.65 (1H, m) 69 1 ESI+: 451 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.38-1.61 (4H, m), 1.66-1.78 (1H, m), 1.85-1.95 (1H, m), 3.82-3.92 (1H, m), 4.13-4.28 (4H, m), 4.35-4.40 (1H, m), 4.53-4.58 (1H, m), 8.22-8.29 (1H, m), 8.59-8.67 (1H, m) 70 1 ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.38-1.60 (4H, m), 1.65-1.77 (1H, m), 1.84-1.95 (1H, m), 2.38-2.54 (2H, m), 3.47-3.56 (1H, m), 3.64-3.92 (4H, m), 4.34-4.39 (1H, m), 4.52-4.58 (1H, m), 8.12-8.22 (1H, m), 8.54-8.66 (1H, m) 71 1 ESI+: 469 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.94-1.08 (4H, m), 1.42-1.59 (6H, m), 1.85-1.99 (7H, m), 2.12-2.18 (2H, m), 3.14-3.33 (4H, m), 3.61-4.17 (4H, m), 4.49 (1H, s), 6.92 (1H, s), 8.13 (1H, s) 72 1 ESI+: 359 NMR1: 1.03-1.33 (12H, m), 1.37-1.65 (5H, m), 2.15-2.24 (2H, m), 3.16-3.24 (1H, m), 3.28-3.36 (1H, m), 3.45-3.69 (7H, m), 7.03-7.27 (1H, m), 7.98 (1H, s) 73 1 ESI+: 429 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.21 (3H, m), 1.25 (9H, s), 1.38-1.53 (4H, m), 1.58-1.66 (1H, m), 2.17-2.23 (2H, m), 2.96-3.04 (1H, m), 3.16-3.23 (1H, m), 3.28-3.66 (5H, m), 3.79-3.87 (1H, m), 4.53-4.63 (1H, m), 7.11-7.33 (1H, m), 8.24 (1H, s) 74 1 ESI+: 485 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.26 (9H, s), 1.42-1.61 (6H, m), 1.89-2.03 (6H, m), 2.13-2.19 (2H, m), 2.96-3.04 (1H, m), 3.16-3.23 (1H, m), 3.28-3.56 (4H, m), 3.79-3.88 (1H, m), 4.49 (1H, s), 4.52-4.61 (1H, m), 6.95 (1H, s), 8.24 (1H, s)

TABLE 38 Ex Syn DAT 75 1 ESI+: 369 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.03-1.28 (3H, m), 1.37-1.66 (5H, m), 2.13-2.22 (2H, m), 3.19-3.69 (12H, m), 4.28 (2H, s), 7.51 (1H, s), 8.17 (1H, s) 76 1 ESI+: 417 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.20 (3H, m), 1.37-1.66 (5H, m), 2.14-2.22 (2H, m), 3.11-3.30 (7H, m), 3.63-4.03 (5H, m), 4.31 (2H, s), 7.50-7.64 (1H, m), 8.28 (1H, s) 77 1 ESI+: 473 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.41-1.60 (6H, m), 1.89-2.00 (6H, m), 2.12-2.18 (2H, m), 3.12-3.20 (4H, m), 3.28 (3H, s), 3.62-4.05 (4H, m), 4.31 (2H, s), 4.48 (1H, s), 7.22 (1H, s), 8.25 (1H, s) 78 1 ESI+: 479 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.41-1.61 (6H, m), 1.88-2.04 (6H, m), 2.13-2.19 (2H, m), 3.16-3.27 (4H, m), 3.71-4.03 (4H, m), 4.51 (1H, s), 6.82 (1H, t, J = 53.2 Hz), 7.71 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s) 79 1 [α]_(D) = −13.9 (c 0.8, MeOH) ESI+: 367 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.28 (9H, m), 1.38-1.67 (5H, m), 2.15-2.23 (2H, m), 2.87-2.97 (1H, m), 3.21-3.68 (9H, m), 7.25 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, s) 80 1 [α]_(D) ²⁷ = 0 (c 0.6, MeOH) ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.04-1.21 (9H, m), 1.38-1.66 (5H, m), 2.16-2.23 (2H, m), 2.85-2.95 (1H, m), 3.07-4.38 (9H, m), 7.31 (1H, s), 8.23 (1H, s) 81 1 ESI+: 485 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.74-1.88 (4H, m), 1.93-2.26 (8H, m), 3.25-3.67 (8H, m), 5.25 (1H, s), 8.21 (1H, s), 8.57 (1H, s) 82 1 ESI+: 533 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.74-1.90 (4H, m), 1.93-2.27 (8H, m), 2.89-4.48 (8H, m), 5.26 (1H, s), 8.28 (1H, s), 8.73 (1H, s) 83 1 [α]_(D) ²⁹ = +14.1 (c 0.7, MeOH) ESI+: 345 NMR1: 1.04-1.25 (9H, m), 1.38-1.65 (5H, m), 2.16-2.22 (2H, m), 2.88-2.96 (1H, m), 3.18-3.75 (9H, m), 7.24 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, s)

TABLE 39 Ex Syn DAT 84 1 [α]_(D) ²⁹ = −0.84 (c 0.8, MeOH) ESI+: 415 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.03-1.21 (9H, m), 1.38-1.67 (5H, m), 2.16-2.22 (2H, m), 2.86-2.94 (1H, m), 3.06-3.37 (5H, m), 3.56-4.24 (4H, m), 7.30 (1H, s), 8.24 (1H, s) 85 2 ESI−: 421 NMR1: 1.61-1.69 (6H, m), 2.03-2.11 (9H, m), 2.29-2.50 (4H, m), 3.55-3.95 (4H, m), 7.74 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, s) 86 2 ESI+: 495 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.61-1.68 (6H, m), 1.90-2.17 (13H, m), 3.08-3.16 (2H, m), 3.21-3.30 (2H, m), 4.03-4.13 (1H, m), 7.74 (1H, s), 8.52-8.58 (2H, m) 87 2 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.42-1.60 (6H, m), 1.86-2.12 (10H, m), 2.13-2.19 (2H, m), 3.34-3.88 (4H, m), 4.53 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, s), 8.57 (1H, s) 88 2 ESI+: 505 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.43-1.60 (6H, m), 1.89-2.01 (6H, m), 2.14-2.20 (2H, m), 4.12-4.29 (4H, m), 4.54 (1H, s), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.60 (1H, s) 89 3 ESI+: 354 NMR1: 3.27-3.78 (8H, m), 7.74-7.78 (2H, m), 8.42-8.45 (2H, m), 8.88 (1H, s), 10.83 (1H, s) 90 3 ESI+: 401 [M + Na] NMR1: 3.21-3.72 (8H, m), 4.88 (2H, s), 4.91 (2H, s), 7.31-7.36 (2H, m), 7.41-7.48 (2H, m), 8.70 (1H, s) 91 3 ESI+: 401 [M + Na] NMR1: 3.22 (2H, t, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.29-3.36 (3H, m), 3.44-3.72 (5H, m), 4.24 (2H, t, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.00-7.05 (1H, m), 7.22-7.33 (2H, m), 8.27 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.84 (1H, s) 92 3 ESI+: 381 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.35 (5H, m), 1.55-1.63 (1H, m), 1.67-1.77 (2H, m), 1.82-1.92 (2H, m), 3.23-3.79 (9H, m), 7.97-8.14 (1H, m), 8.44-8.54 (1H, m) 93 3 ESI+: 447 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.47-1.52 (6H, m), 1.56-1.69 (6H, m), 1.89-1.95 (3H, m), 3.02-3.14 (2H, m), 3.25-3.67 (8H, m), 8.03-8.14 (1H, m), 8.46-8.49 (1H, m)

TABLE 40 Ex Syn DAT 94 3 ESI+: 429 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.28 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.57-1.66 (1H, m), 2.08-2.17 (1H, m), 2.86- 2.95 (1H, m), 3.30-3.69 (8H, m), 4.00 (2H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.07-7.11 (1H, m), 7.14-7.19 (1H, m), 7.26-7.29 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz), 8.69 (1H, s) 95 3 ESI+: 435 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.02-1.06 (6H, m), 1.12-1.17 (1H, m), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.58-1.68 (1H, m), 1.77-1.81 (1H, m), 1.89-1.95 (1H, m), 2.06-2.15 (1H, m), 2.28-2.36 (1H, m), 2.45-2.55 (1H, m), 3.26-3.66 (8H, m), 4.23-4.44 (1H, m), 8.18-8.31 (1H, m), 8.47-8.52 (1H, m) 96 3 ESI+: 435 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.02-1.07 (6H, m), 1.13-1.17 (1H, m), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.58-1.68 (1H, m), 1.77-1.81 (1H, m), 1.89-1.95 (1H, m), 2.06-2.15 (1H, m), 2.28-2.36 (1H, m), 2.45-2.55 (1H, m), 3.26-3.68 (8H, m), 4.23-4.44 (1H, m), 8.18-8.29 (1H, m), 8.47-8.52 (1H, m) 97 3 ESI+: 407 NMR1: 1.31-2.03 (4H, m), 2.54-3.13 (2H, m), 3.25-4.92 (10H, m), 7.20-7.35 (4H, m), 8.41-8.74 (1H, m) 98 3 ESI+: 449 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.96-2.03 (2H, m), 2.82 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.28-3.69 (8H, m), 4.04- 4.08 (2H, m), 7.17-7.25 (2H, m), 7.68-7.72 (1H, m), 8.72 (1H, s) 99 3 ESI+: 463 [M + Na] NMR2: 1.54-1.65 (2H, m), 1.70-1.80 (4H, m), 1.96-2.15 (6H, m), 2.31-2.36 (2H, m), 3.26 (3H, s), 3.31-3.36 (2H, m), 3.60-3.66 (2H, m), 3.70-3.88 (4H, m), 5.51 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, s) 100 3 ESI+: 491 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.52-1.57 (2H, m), 1.91-2.10 (11H, m), 2.22-2.27 (2H, m), 2.38-2.45 (2H, m), 3.25-3.67 (8H, m), 7.90 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s) 101 3 ESI+: 491 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.53-1.60 (2H, m), 1.81-1.89 (4H, m), 1.94-2.24 (7H, m), 3.23-3.69 (8H, m), 3.86-3.89 (4H, m), 7.77 (1H, s), 8.49 (1H, s)

TABLE 41 Ex Syn DAT 102 3 ESI+: 393 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.05-1.30 (3H, m), 1.38-1.56 (4H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 2.16-2.25 (2H, m), 3.21-3.74 (9H, m), 8.02-8.15 (1H, m), 8.45-8.55 (1H, m) 103 3 ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.21 (3H, m), 1.38-1.56 (4H, m), 1.61-1.70 (1H, m), 2.17-2.24 (2H, m), 2.87-4.48 (9H, m), 8.11-8.21 (1H, m), 8.65-8.68 (1H, m) 104 3 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.03-1.07 (6H, m), 1.13-1.17 (1H, m), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.59-1.69 (1H, m), 1.77-1.82 (1H, m), 1.89-1.95 (1H, m), 2.07-2.16 (1H, m), 2.28-2.36 (1H, m), 2.46-2.55 (1H, m), 2.89-3.38 (6H, m), 3.55-3.93 (2H, m), 4.22-4.44 (1H, m), 8.25-8.36 (1H, m), 8.64-8.67 (1H, m) 105 3 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.03-1.07 (6H, m), 1.13-1.17 (1H, m), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.59-1.69 (1H, m), 1.77-1.81 (1H, m), 1.89-1.95 (1H, m), 2.07-2.16 (1H, m), 2.29-2.36 (1H, m), 2.45-2.55 (1H, m), 2.93-3.39 (6H, m), 3.57-3.91 (2H, m), 4.22-4.46 (1H, m), 8.25-8.36 (1H, m), 8.64-8.66 (1H, m) 106 3 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.76 (3H, s), 0.85 (3H, s), 0.94 (3H, s), 1.09-1.15 (1H, m), 1.19-1.28 (1H, m), 1.33-1.41 (1H, m), 1.60-1.69 (2H, m), 1.77-1.87 (1H, m), 2.14-2.25 (1H, m), 2.85-3.39 (6H, m), 3.49-3.93 (2H, m), 4.25-4.49 (1H, m), 8.17-8.25 (1H, m), 8.60-8.67 (1H, m) 107 3 ESI+: 517 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.72-1.84 (4H, m), 1.90-1.94 (2H, m), 2.05-2.11 (2H, m), 2.16-2.34 (4H, m), 2.41-2.48 (1H, m), 2.89-4.48 (8H, m), 8.24 (1H, s), 8.72 (1H, s) 108 3 ESI+: 487 [M + Na] NMR1: 2.05-2.12 (3H, m), 2.18-2.30 (9H, m), 3.27-3.68 (8H, m), 8.34 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, s) 109 3 ESI+: 535 [M + Na] NMR1: 2.03-2.15 (3H, m), 2.17-2.33 (9H, m), 2.88-4.48 (8H, m), 8.41 (1H, s), 8.75 (1H, s)

TABLE 42 Ex Syn DAT 110 3 ESI+: 497 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.29-1.35 (2H, m), 1.60-1.74 (6H, m), 1.96-2.12 (5H, m), 2.88-4.03 (9H, m), 4.43 (1H, s), 8.08-8.14 (1H, m), 8.66-8.71 (1H, m) 111 3 ESI+: 497 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.34-1.40 (2H, m), 1.56-1.67 (6H, m), 1.93-2.05 (3H, m), 2.19-2.24 (2H, m), 2.88-3.95 (9H, m), 4.33 (1H, s), 8.01-8.12 (1H, m), 8.65-8.72 (1H, m) 112 3 ESI+: 431 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.9 (9H, s), 1.09 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 2.82-4.64 (9H, m), 7.91-8.04 (1H, m), 8.64 (1H, d, J = 12.4 Hz) 113 3 ESI+: 431 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.9 (9H, s), 1.08 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 2.82-4.64 (9H, m), 7.91-8.04 (1H, m), 8.64 (1H, d, J = 12.4 Hz) 114 4 ESI+: 476 NMR1: 1.56-1.73 (6H, m), 1.97-2.04 (2H, m), 3.13-3.19 (2H, m), 3.23-3.66 (10H, m), 4.02-4.24 (1H, m), 7.20-7.26 (1H, m), 7.29-7.38 (4H, m), 7.97- 8.10 (1H, m), 8.46-8.53 (1H, m) 115 4 ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.09-1.69 (7H, m), 1.85-1.97 (1H, m), 2.15-2.20 (1H, m), 2.42-2.53 (1H, m), 2.85-4.55 (9H, m), 8.25-8.35 (1H, m), 8.65-8.67 (1H, m) 116 4 ESI+: 455 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.28 (3H, m), 1.33-1.6 (3H, m), 1.42 (3H, s), 1.71 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 2.03 (1H, br-s), 2.16 (1H, br-s), 2.54-2.65 (1H, m), 2.84-4.55 (8H, m), 7.96 (1H, d, J = 16.4 Hz), 8.65 (1H, s) 117 4 ESI+: 509 [M + Na] NMR2: 1.36-1.51 (3H, m), 1.53-1.61 (1H, m), 1.65-1.77 (2H, m), 2.24-2.35 (1H, m), 2.36-2.41 (1H, m), 2.63 (1H, br-s), 2.97 (2H, br-s), 3.15 (2H, br-s), 3.86 (2H, br-s), 4.1 (2H, br-s), 4.52 (1H, br-s), 5.57 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 8.38 (1H, br-s)

TABLE 43 Ex Syn DAT 118 4 ESI+: 509 [M + Na] NMR2: 1.33-1.44 (2H, m), 1.49-1.66 (2H, m), 1.68-1.86 (3H, m), 2.53 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 2.59-2.74 (1H, m), 2.9-3.05 (2H, m), 3.15 (2H, br-s), 3.73- 4.19 (3H, m), 4.31-4.62 (2H, m), 5.74 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 8.38 (1H, br-s) 119 5 ESI+: 461 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.83 (6H, s), 1.13-1.15 (2H, m), 1.24-1.37 (4H, m), 1.63-1.79 (4H, m), 1.89-1.93 (2H, m), 2.09-2.14 (1H, m), 3.25-3.35 (3H, m), 3.45-3.67 (5H, m), 7.73 (1H, s), 8.49 (1H, s) 120 5 ESI+: 469 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.72-1.84 (4H, m), 1.89-1.94 (2H, m), 2.04-2.10 (2H, m), 2.16-2.23 (2H, m), 2.26-2.33 (2H, m), 2.40-2.47 (1H, m), 3.26-3.35 (2H, m), 3.42-3.68 (6H, m), 8.18 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, s) 121 5 ESI+: 523 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.80 (6H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 1.19-1.28 (1H, m), 1.39-1.43 (4H, m), 1.50- 1.62 (2H, m), 1.78-2.14 (8H, m), 2.87-4.47 (8H, m), 7.81 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 122 5 ESI+: 455 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.52-1.69 (7H, m), 1.87-1.97 (6H, m), 2.88-4.48 (8H, m), 7.72 (1H, s), 8.63 (1H, s). 123 5 ESI+: 539 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.59-1.63 (2H, m), 1.74-1.79 (4H, m), 1.89-2.24 (8H, m), 2.83-4.50 (8H, m), 3.59 (3H, s), 7.91 (1H, s), 8.68 (1H, s) 124 6 ESI+: 429 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.20 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.49-1.58 (1H, m), 2.29-2.37 (1H, m), 2.55- 2.63 (1H, m), 2.68-2.75 (1H, m), 3.29-3.69 (8H, m), 4.91-4.99 (1H, m), 7.05-7.09 (1H, m), 7.15-7.23 (2H, m), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.65 (1H, s) 125 6 ESI+: 407 NMR1: 1.91-1.97 (2H, m), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.72 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.29-3.69 (8H, m), 3.97 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 6.95-7.00 (2H, m), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.67 (1H, s)

TABLE 44 Ex Syn DAT 126 6 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.96-2.02 (2H, m), 2.85 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.30-3.69 (8H, m), 3.97- 4.11 (2H, m), 7.35-7.44 (2H, m), 8.22 (1H, s), 8.79 (1H, s) 127 6 ESI+: 395 NMR1: 3.30-3.71 (8H, m), 4.24 (2H, dd, J = 5.6, 4.0 Hz), 4.34 (2H, dd, J = 5.6, 4.0 Hz), 6.88-6.94 (2H, m), 7.02-7.06 (1H, m), 7.97 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz), 8.79 (1H, s) 128 6 ESI+: 423 NMR1: 1.91-1.97 (2H, m), 2.74 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 3.30-3.67 (8H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.97 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 6.73-6.78 (2H, m), 7.62-7.64 (1H, m), 8.65 (1H, s) 129 6 ESI+: 485 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.14-1.28 (3H, m), 1.39-1.59 (2H, m), 2.05-2.20 (2H, m), 2.35-2.39 (1H, m), 2.65-2.71 (1H, m), 2.87-4.49 (9H, m), 7.93-8.16 (1H, m), 8.64-8.70 (1H, m), 11.70-12.12 (1H, br-s) 130 6 ESI+: 497 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.26-1.77 (7H, m), 1.95-2.15 (1H, m), 2.59-2.72 (1H, m), 2.86-4.52 (8H, m), 4.63-4.82 (1H, m), 8.33-8.42 (1H, m), 8.68-8.75 (1H, m) 131 6 ESI+: 443 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.82-0.91 (3H, m), 1.24-1.75 (8H, m), 1.87-2.00 (1H, m), 2.87-4.49 (9H, m), 7.99-8.10 (1H, m), 8.63-8.68 (1H, m) 132 6 ESI+: 483 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.71-0.84 (3H, m), 0.96-1.21 (8H, m), 1.35-1.45 (1H, m), 1.57-1.72 (3H, m), 1.86-1.99 (1H, m), 2.85-4.52 (9H, m), 7.70-7.75 (1H, m), 8.62-8.71 (1H, m) 133 6 [α]_(D) ²⁸ = +10.0 (c 1.0, MeOH) ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.21 (3H, m), 1.38-1.70 (5H, m), 2.17-2.25 (2H, m), 2.84-4.50 (9H, m), 8.11-8.20 (1H, m), 8.65-8.68 (1H, m) 134 6 ESI+: 485 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.40-1.47 (6H, m), 1.89-1.97 (6H, m), 2.92-4.45 (8H, m), 3.03 (2H, d, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.35 (1H, t, J = 5.2 Hz), 7.77 (1H, s), 8.64 (1H, s)

TABLE 45 Ex Syn DAT 135 6 ESI+: 525 [M + Na] NMR1: 0.85 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.02-1.31 (8H, m), 1.40-1.46 (6H, m), 1.90- 1.96 (6H, m), 2.88-4.50 (8H, m), 7.76 (1H, s), 8.63 (1H, s) 136 6 ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.34-1.42 (2H, m), 1.65-1.86 (8H, m), 2.11-2.14 (1H, m), 2.89-4.47 (8H, m), 8.46 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 137 6 ESI+: 393 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.33-1.43 (2H, m), 1.64-1.85 (8H, m), 2.10-2.14 (1H, m), 3.25-3.69 (8H, m), 8.40 (1H, s), 8.50 (1H, s) 138 6 [α]_(D) ²⁴ = −11.9 (c 0.5, MeOH) ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.07-1.21 (3H, m), 1.38-1.70 (5H, m), 2.17-2.25 (2H, m), 2.84-4.50 (9H, m), 8.10-8.22 (1H, m), 8.65-8.69 (1H, m) 139 6 ESI−: 489 NMR1: 1.37-2.22 (13H, m), 2.90-3.97 (8H, m), 4.62 (2H, s), 7.94 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, s) 140 6 [α]_(D) ²⁶⁸ = −64.7 (c 1.0, MeOH) ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.10-1.18 (1H, m), 1.22-1.52 (5H, m), 1.56-1.67 (1H, m), 1.85-1.97 (1H, m), 2.14-2.19 (1H, m), 2.41-2.52 (1H, m), 2.85-4.48 (9H, m), 8.25-8.36 (1H, m), 8.66 (1H, s) 141 6 [α]_(D) ²⁷ = +65.6 (c 1.0, MeOH) ESI+: 441 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.09-1.18 (1H, m), 1.22-1.52 (5H, m), 1.56-1.68 (1H, m), 1.84-1.97 (1H, m), 2.14-2.20 (1H, m), 2.41-2.53 (1H, m), 2.83-4.51 (9H, m), 8.25-8.36 (1H, m), 8.66 (1H, s) 142 6 ESI+: 455 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.26-1.72 (10H, m), 1.74-1.87 (1H, m), 1.90-2.20 (1H, m), 2.85-3.45 (4H, m), 3.53-3.97 (3H, m), 3.98-4.05 (1H, m), 4.20-4.45 (1H, m), 8.18-8.32 (1H, m), 8.63-8.68 (1H, m)

TABLE 46 Ex Syn DAT 143 9 ESI+: 433 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.62-1.68 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 3.25-3.67 (8H, m), 7.72 (1H, s), 8.48 (1H, s) 144 9 ESI+: 449 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.43-1.59 (6H, m), 1.90-1.99 (6H, m), 2.17 (2H, s), 3.25-3.68 (8H, m), 4.52 (1H, s), 7.80 (1H, s), 8.49 (1H, s) 145 10 ESI+: 411 NMR1: 1.60-1.73 (8H, m), 2.00-2.10 (11H, m), 3.28-3.42 (3H, m), 3.89-3.97 (2H, m), 4.06-4.12 (2H, m), 7.71 (1H, s), 8.85 (1H, s), 9.56 (2H, s) 146 10 ESI+: 440 NMR1: 1.62-1.69 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 3.11-3.25 (2H, m), 3.48-3.59 (6H, m), 3.76-4.05 (4H, m), 4.15-4.21 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, s), 9.95 (1H, s), 11.48 (1H, s) 147 10 ESI+: 371 NMR1: 1.60-1.69 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 3.01-3.08 (2H, m), 3.68-3.72 (2H, m), 4.09-4.46 (3H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.76 (1H, s), 9.22-9.30 (2H, m) 148 10 ESI+: 385 NMR1: 1.61-1.69 (6H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 3.13-3.20 (2H, m), 3.31 (3H, s), 3.61-3.67 (2H, m), 4.08-4.14 (2H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.75 (1H, s), 9.29- 9.40 (2H, m) 149 10 ESI+: 409 NMR1: 1.05-1.18 (1H, m), 1.20-1.32 (2H, m), 1.34-1.45 (2H, m), 1.57-1.69 (7H, m), 1.74-1.81 (2H, m), 2.03-2.14 (11H, m), 3.01-3.11 (1H, m), 4.04- 4.10 (2H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 8.85 (1H, s), 9.31-9.39 (2H, m) 150 10 ESI+: 425 NMR1: 1.52-1.87 (14H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 3.56 (2H, s), 4.10-4.16 (2H, m), 4.70-5.15 (1H, m), 7.68 (1H, s), 8.78 (1H, s), 9.00-9.07 (2H, m)

TABLE 47 Ex Syn DAT 151 10 ESI+: 425 NMR1: 1.17-1.28 (2H, m), 1.62-1.74 (8H, m), 1.95-2.09 (10H, m), 2.85-2.91 (2H, m), 3.23-3.31 (2H, m), 3.82-3.88 (2H, m), 4.05-4.10 (2H, m), 7.70 (1H, s), 8.83 (1H, s), 9.29-9.38 (2H, m) 152 10 ESI+: 411 NMR1: 1.25-1.69 (8H, m), 1.78-1.93 (2H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 2.59-3.31 (4H, m), 3.89-4.32 (3H, m), 4.82-5.00 (1H, m), 7.75-7.83 (1H, m), 8.78-9.02 (1H, m), 9.34-11.00 (1H, m) 153 10 ESI+: 411 NMR1: 1.62-1.84 (8H, m), 1.87-2.09 (11H, m), 2.95-3.22 (3H, m), 3.32-3.38 (1H, m), 3.61-3.95 (1H, m), 4.16-4.26 (2H, m), 4.33-4.58 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, s), 9.00 (1H, s), 10.57-10.73 (1H, m) 154 10 ESI+: 473 NMR1: 1.61-1.70 (6H, m), 2.03-2.10 (9H, m), 3.17-3.29 (2H, m), 3.39-3.46 (1H_(;) m), 3.56-3.62 (1H, m), 4.06-4.16 (2H, m), 4.28-4.41 (2H, m), 4.99-5.04 (1H, m), 7.35-7.45 (5H, m), 7.77 (1H, s), 9.03 (1H, s), 11.53 (1H, m) 155 10 ESI+: 399 NMR1: 1.30 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.62-1.68 (6H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 3.32 (3H, s), 3.44-3.62 (3H, m), 4.09-4.15 (2H, m), 7.68 (1H, s), 8.81 (1H, s), 9.14-9.24 (1H, m), 9.40-9.50 (1H, m) 156 10 ESI+: 421 NMR1: 1.08-1.23 (3H, m), 1.40-1.75 (10H, m), 1.79-1.85 (1H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 2.29-2.32 (1H, m), 2.55-2.58 (1H, m), 3.06-3.14 (1H, m), 3.99-4.07 (2H, m), 7.70 (1H, s), 8.85 (1H, s), 9.18-9.27 (2H, m) 157 10 ESI+: 379 NMR1: 1.92-2.00 (2H, m), 2.77 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.10-3.26 (2H, m), 3.32- 3.47 (2H, m), 3.76-4.04 (6H, m), 4.41 (2H, s), 7.06 (1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.13- 7.22 (2H, m), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 9.15 (1H, s), 11.08 (1H, br-s)

TABLE 48 Ex Syn DAT 158 10 ESI+: 449 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.91-1.99 (2H, m), 2.76 (2H, t, J = 6.5 Hz), 3.02-3.25 (2H, m), 3.82- 4.65 (10H, m), 7.01-7.06 (1H, m), 7.12-7.20 (2H, m), 7.72-7.75 (1H, m), 8.92 (1H, s) 159 10 ESI+: 427 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.05-1.22 (3H, m), 1.38-1.56 (4H, m), 1.60-1.69 (1H, m), 2.15-2.25 (2H, m), 3.20-3.80 (9H, m), 4.00-4.40 (2H, br-s), 7.95-8.15 (1H, br-s), 8.80- 9.00 (1H, br-s) 160 10 ESI+: 413 NMR1: 1.05-1.20 (3H, m), 1.38-1.55 (4H, m), 1.59-1.68 (1H, m), 2.15-2.23 (2H, m), 3.14-3.25 (4H, m), 3.58-3.72 (3H, m), 7.74-7.90 (1H, br-s), 8.43- 8.54 (1H, br-s) 161 10 ESI+: 391 NMR1: 1.06-1.23 (3H, m), 1.38-1.57 (4H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 2.16-2.25 (2H, m), 2.27-2.40 (2H, m), 3.15-3.30 (2H, m), 3.50-3.74 (3H, m), 4.30-4.44 (4H, m), 8.12-8.22 (1H, m), 8.91-9.01 (1H, m), 11.02 (1H, br-s) 162 11 ESI+: 425 NMR1: 1.12 (6H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.61-1.69 (6H, m), 2.02-2.10 (9H, m), 2.64- 2.74 (2H, m), 3.33-3.43 (2H, m), 4.00-4.10 (2H, m), 4.22-4.29 (2H, m), 7.77 (1H, s), 9.01 (1H, s), 11.45 (1H, s) 163 11 ESI+: 395 NMR1: 1.32-1.45 (1H, m), 1.59-1.91 (11H, m), 2.02-2.11 (9H, m), 2.86-2.99 (2H, m), 3.31-3.39 (2H, m), 4.17-4.23 (2H, m), 7.76 (1H, s), 8.99 (1H, s), 10.50 (1H, s) 164 11 ESI+: 431 NMR1: 1.61-1.68 (6H, m), 1.87-1.99 (4H, m), 2.02-2.08 (9H, m), 2.44-2.52 (4H, m), 3.45-3.48 (2H, m), 7.31 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s) 165 11 ESI+: 425 NMR1: 1.22 (6H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.62-1.68 (6H, m), 2.03-2.09 (9H, m), 3.52- 3.62 (2H, m), 3.73-3.90 (4H, m), 4.52-4.56 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, s), 9.07 (1H, s), 11.02-11.39 (1H, m)

TABLE 49 Ex Syn DAT 166 11 ESI+: 467 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.62-1.66 (6H, m), 2.02-2.08 (9H, m), 2.84-2.89 (4H, m), 3.07-3.11 (4H, m), 3.58 (2H, s), 7.33 (1H, s), 8.55 (1H, s) 167 17 ESI−: 415 NMR1: 1.57 (2H, br-s), 1.81-1.97 (2H, m), 3.39-3.53 (2H, m), 3.82 (2H, br- s), 4.74-4.86 (1H, m), 7.06 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.65 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.95 (1H, t, J = 2.2 Hz), 8.73 (1H, s), 9.28 (1H, br-s), 10.44 (1H, s) 168 19 ESI+: 410 NMR1: 3.71 (3H, s), 5.07 (2H, br-s), 6.86-6.91 (2H, m), 6.94-7.0 (2H, m), 7.07 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.67 (1H, ddd, J = 0.8, 2, 8 Hz), 7.98 (1H, t, J = 2.2 Hz), 8.93 (1H, s), 10.49 (1H, br-s) 169 20 ESI+: 416 [M + Na] NMR1: 4.53 (2H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 5.29 (2H, s), 5.4 (1H, t, J = 5.4 Hz), 7.19- 7.32 (7H, m), 7.39 (1H, t, J = 8 Hz), 7.45 (1H, t, J = 2 Hz), 8.7 (1H, s) 170 21 ESI+: 394 [M + Na] NMR1: 1.05-1.20 (3H, m), 1.40-1.58 (4H, m), 1.73-1.81 (1H, m), 2.28-2.35 (2H, m), 3.65-3.75 (4H, m), 3.75-3.90 (4H, m), 4.72-4.76 (1H, m), 8.93 (1H, s)

TABLE 50

Ex —W—R³ C001

C002

C003

C004

C005

C006

C007

C008

C009

C010

C011

C012

C013

C014

C015

C016

C017

C018

C019

C020

C021

TABLE 51 Ex —W—R³ C022

C023

C024

C025

C026

C027

C028

C029

C030

C031

C032

C033

C034

C035

C036

C037

C038

C039

C040

C041

C042

C043

C044

C045

TABLE 52 Ex —W—R³ C046

C047

C048

C049

C050

C051

C052

C053

C054

C055

C056

C057

C058

C059

C060

C061

C062

C063

C064

C065

C066

C067

C068

C069

TABLE 53 Ex —W—R³ C070

C071

C072

C073

C074

C075

C076

C077

C078

C079

C080

C081

C082

C083

C084

C085

C086

C087

C088

C089

C090

C091

C092

TABLE 54 Ex —W—R³ C093

C094

C095

C096

C097

C098

C099

C100

C101

C102

C103

C104

C105

C106

C107

C108

C109

C110

C111

C112

C113

C114

TABLE 55 Ex —W—R³ C115

C116

C117

C118

C119

C120

C121

C122

C123

C124

C125

C126

C127

C128

C129

C130

C131

C132

C133

C134

C135

TABLE 56 Ex —W—R³ C136

C137

C138

C139

C140

C141

C142

C143

C144

C145

C146

C147

C148

C149

C150

C151

C152

C153

C154

C155

C156

C157

C158

C159

TABLE 57 Ex —W—R³ C160

C161

C162

C163

C164

C165

C166

C167

C168

C169

C170

C171

C172

C173

C174

C175

C176

C177

C178

C179

C180

C181

C182

TABLE 58 Ex —W—R³ C183

C184

C185

C186

C187

C188

C189

C190

C191

C192

C193

C194

C195

C196

C197

C198

C199

C200

C201

C202

C203

TABLE 59 Ex —W—R³ C204

C205

C206

C207

C208

C209

C210

C211

C212

C213

C214

C215

C216

C217

C218

C219

C220

C221

C222

C223

C224

C225

C226

TABLE 60 Ex —W—R³ C227

C228

C229

C230

C231

C232

C233

C234

C235

C236

C237

C238

C239

C240

C241

C242

C243

C244

C245

C246

C247

C248

C249

TABLE 61 Ex —W—R³ C250

C251

C252

C253

C254

C255

C256

C257

C258

C259

C260

C261

C262

C263

C264

C265

C266

C267

C268

C269

C270

C271

TABLE 62 Ex —W—R³ C272

C273

C274

C275

C276

C277

C278

C279

C280

C281

C282

C283

C284

C285

C286

C287

C288

C289

C290

C291

TABLE 63 Ex —W—R³ C292

C293

C294

C295

C296

C297

C298

C299

C300

C301

C302

C303

C304

C305

C306

C307

C308

C309

C310

C311

C312

TABLE 64 Ex —W—R³ C313

C314

C315

C316

C317

C318

C319

C320

C321

C322

C323

C324

C325

C326

C327

C328

C329

C330

C331

C332

C333

C334

TABLE 65 Ex DAT C001 RT: 1.8 ESI+: 365 C002 RT: 2.99 ESI+: 461 C003 RT: 2.4 ESI+: 393 C004 RT: 2.55 ESI+: 407 C005 RT: 2.53 ESI+: 431 C006 RT: 2.72 ESI+: 421 C007 RT: 2.75 ESI+: 455 C008 RT: 1.72 ESI+: 392 C009 RT: 1.66 ESI+: 383 C010 RT: 1.79 ESI+: 450 C011 RT: 2.11 ESI+: 405 C012 RT: 2.63 ESI+: 441 C013 RT: 2.32 ESI+: 437 C014 RT: 2.72 ESI+: 421 C015 RT: 1.5 ESI+: 413 C016 RT: 2.04 ESI+: 411 C017 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 459 C018 RT: 1.95 ESI+: 409 C019 RT: 1.24 ESI+: 416 C020 RT: 1.36 ESI+: 444 C021 RT: 1.11 ESI+: 430 C022 RT: 1.08 ESI+: 416 C023 RT: 0.98 ESI+: 416 C024 RT: 2.28 ESI+: 480 C025 RT: 2.4 ESI+: 381 C026 RT: 1.92 ESI+: 397 C027 RT: 2.78 ESI+: 491 C028 RT: 2.49 ESI+: 429 C029 RT: 2.62 ESI+: 409 C030 RT: 1.97 ESI+: 397 C031 RT: 1.58 ESI+: 383 C032 RT: 2.49 ESI+: 395 C033 RT: 2.36 ESI+: 415 C034 RT: 2.53 ESI+: 449 C035 RT: 2.46 ESI+: 445 C036 RT: 2.37 ESI+: 445 C037 RT: 2.58 ESI+: 449 C038 RT: 2.37 ESI+: 445 C039 RT: 1.99 ESI+: 407 C040 RT: 2.5 ESI+: 395 C041 RT: 2.16 ESI+: 445 C042 RT: 2.81 ESI+: 505 C043 RT: 2.31 ESI+: 381 C044 RT: 0.81 ESI+: 396 C045 RT: 2.49 ESI+: 429 C046 RT: 2.65 ESI+: 463 C047 RT: 2.56 ESI+: 459 C048 RT: 2.48 ESI+: 459 C049 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 463 C050 RT: 2.47 ESI+: 459 C051 RT: 2.67 ESI+: 409 C052 RT: 2.88 ESI+: 519 C053 RT: 0.89 ESI+: 410 C054 RT: 2.63 ESI+: 443 C055 RT: 2.62 ESI+: 429 C056 RT: 2.71 ESI+: 443 C057 RT: 0.99 ESI+: 433 C058 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 508 C059 RT: 2.21 ESI+: 423 C060 RT: 2.86 ESI+: 489 C061 RT: 2.17 ESI+: 379 C062 RT: 1.65 ESI+: 423 C063 RT: 1.16 ESI+: 399 C064 RT: 1.35 ESI+: 369 C065 RT: 1.05 ESI+: 382 C066 RT: 3.06 ESI+: 463 C067 RT: 0.79 ESI+: 456 C068 RT: 0.96 ESI+: 410 C069 RT: 1.11 ESI+: 424 C070 RT: 2.96 ESI+: 449 C071 RT: 2.23 ESI+: 379 C072 RT: 1.09 ESI+: 430 C073 RT: 1.99 ESI+: 472 C074 RT: 1.2 ESI+: 396 C075 RT: 2.56 ESI+: 449 C076 RT: 2.32 ESI+: 457 C077 RT: 2.6 ESI+: 395 C078 RT: 2.41 ESI+: 381 C079 RT: 2.85 ESI+: 435 C080 RT: 2.77 ESI+: 443 C081 RT: 1.29 ESI+: 444 C082 RT: 2.66 ESI+: 463 C083 RT: 1.02 ESI+: 424 C084 RT: 2.1 ESI+: 367 C085 RT: 2.93 ESI+: 491 C086 RT: 1.21 ESI+: 426 C087 RT: 1.66 ESI+: 378 C088 RT: 1.93 ESI+: 411 C089 RT: 1.46 ESI+: 383 C090 RT: 2.53 ESI+: 441 C091 RT: 1.36 ESI+: 410 C092 RT: 1.2 ESI+: 396 C093 RT: 2.85 ESI+: 435

TABLE 66 Ex DAT C094 RT: 2.77 ESI+: 443 C095 RT: 3.12 ESI+: 487 C096 RT: 2.92 ESI+: 459 C097 RT: 3.02 ESI+: 473 C098 RT: 0.95 ESI+: 439 C099 RT: 2.9 ESI+: 521 C100 RT: 1.7 ESI+: 424 C101 RT: 1.51 ESI+: 413 C102 RT: 2.59 ESI+: 443 C103 RT: 1.96 ESI+: 450 C104 RT: 2.2 ESI+: 437 C105 RT: 2.09 ESI+: 435 C106 RT: 2.04 ESI+: 397 C107 RT: 2.2 ESI+: 437 C108 RT: 1.21 ESI+: 396 C109 RT: 1.13 ESI+: 430 C110 RT: 2.22 ESI+: 425 C111 RT: 2.36 ESI+: 457 C112 RT: 2.36 ESI+: 457 C113 RT: 2.3 ESI+: 489 C114 RT: 1.32 ESI+: 440 C115 RT: 2.81 ESI+: 491 C116 RT: 2.84 ESI+: 491 C117 RT: 1.79 ESI+: 458 C118 RT: 3.02 ESI+: 505 C119 RT: 1.38 ESI+: 430 C120 RT: 1.76 ESI+: 389 C121 RT: 2.38 ESI+: 451 C122 RT: 2.11 ESI+: 459 C123 RT: 3 ESI+: 461 C124 RT: 2.84 ESI+: 491 C125 RT: 2.48 ESI+: 405 C126 RT: 1.77 ESI+: 431 C127 RT: 2.02 ESI+: 460 C128 RT: 2.29 ESI+: 391 C129 RT: 1.42 ESI+: 472 C130 RT: 2.89 ESI+: 435 C131 RT: 3.21 ESI+: 501 C132 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 436 C133 RT: 2 ESI+: 447 C134 RT: 2.84 ESI+: 457 C135 RT: 1.78 ESI+: 419 C136 RT: 1.83 ESI+: 409 C137 RT: 2.36 ESI+: 432 C138 RT: 2.17 ESI+: 418 C139 RT: 1.87 ESI+: 420 C140 RT: 3.26 ESI+: 531 C141 RT: 2.33 ESI+: 472 C142 RT: 1.7 ESI+: 430 C143 RT: 1.36 ESI+: 444 C144 RT: 1.24 ESI+: 430 C145 RT: 1.95 ESI+: 493 C146 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 422 C147 RT: 1.08 ESI+: 448 C148 RT: 1.01 ESI+: 436 C149 RT: 1.07 ESI+: 436 C150 RT: 2.09 ESI+: 462 C151 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 449 C152 RT: 3.14 ESI+: 487 C153 RT: 2.85 ESI+: 447 C154 RT: 1.4 ESI+: 461 C155 RT: 0.85 ESI+: 419 C156 RT: 2.44 ESI+: 441 C157 RT: 1.8 ESI+: 431 C158 RT: 2.5 ESI+: 437 C159 RT: 1.69 ESI+: 363 C160 RT: 1.58 ESI+: 383 C161 RT: 1.19 ESI+: 399 C162 RT: 1.1 ESI+: 438 C163 RT: 1.74 ESI+: 383 C164 RT: 1.88 ESI+: 397 C165 RT: 2.67 ESI+: 421 C166 RT: 2.82 ESI+: 421 C167 RT: 0.9 ESI+: 422 C168 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 459 C169 RT: 1.49 ESI+: 472 C170 RT: 2.96 ESI+: 471 C171 RT: 1.32 ESI+: 431 C172 RT: 2.05 ESI+: 507 C173 RT: 2.3 ESI+: 459 C174 RT: 2.79 ESI+: 463 C175 RT: 2.78 ESI+: 463 C176 RT: 1.42 ESI+: 443 C177 RT: 2.63 ESI+: 471 C178 RT: 2.67 ESI+: 471 C179 RT: 1.85 ESI+: 526 C180 RT: 2.62 ESI+: 459 C181 RT: 1.19 ESI+: 450 C182 RT: 1.94 ESI+: 437 C183 RT: 2.94 ESI+: 519 C184 RT: 2.56 ESI+: 507 C185 RT: 2.78 ESI+: 513 C186 RT: 2.78 ESI+: 513

TABLE 67 Ex DAT C187 RT: 2.06 ESI+: 423 C188 RT: 2.36 ESI+: 459 C189 RT: 2.7 ESI+: 459 C190 RT: 1.64 ESI+: 424 C191 RT: 2.56 ESI+: 473 C192 RT: 2.77 ESI+: 463 C193 RT: 2.45 ESI+: 445 C194 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 459 C195 RT: 1.01 ESI+: 412 C196 RT: 2.47 ESI+: 521 C197 RT: 2.47 ESI+: 521 C198 RT: 2.87 ESI+: 445 C199 RT: 1.79 ESI+: 458 C200 RT: 1.8 ESI+: 409 C201 RT: 2.62 ESI+: 459 C202 RT: 1.26 ESI+: 396 C203 RT: 1.96 ESI+: 472 C204 RT: 1.97 ESI+: 452 C205 RT: 0.99 ESI+: 489 C206 RT: 1.7 ESI+: 425 C207 RT: 1.14 ESI+: 450 C208 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 448 C209 RT: 1.84 ESI+: 448 C210 RT: 1.65 ESI+: 406 C211 RT: 2.21 ESI+: 425 C212 RT: 1.7 ESI+: 494 C213 RT: 1.62 ESI+: 371 C214 RT: 2.72 ESI+: 455 C215 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 455 C216 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 407 C217 RT: 0.92 ESI+: 438 C218 RT: 2.19 ESI+: 437 C219 RT: 2.07 ESI+: 445 C220 RT: 2.14 ESI+: 447 C221 RT: 1.68 ESI+: 397 C222 RT: 2.19 ESI+: 437 C223 RT: 1.63 ESI+: 457 C224 RT: 2.26 ESI+: 421 C225 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 455 C226 RT: 1.63 ESI+: 395 C227 RT: 2.94 ESI+: 469 C228 RT: 1.4 ESI+: 464 C229 RT: 1.5 ESI+: 410 C230 RT: 1.56 ESI+: 456 C231 RT: 2.18 ESI+: 423 C232 RT: 1.46 ESI+: 430 C233 RT: 1.28 ESI+: 415 C234 RT: 2.32 ESI+: 443 C235 RT: 2.13 ESI+: 421 C236 RT: 2.37 ESI+: 393 C237 RT: 1.21 ESI+: 432 C238 RT: 1.93 ESI+: 433 C239 RT: 1.93 ESI+: 433 C240 RT: 1.8 ESI+: 419 C241 RT: 1.78 ESI+: 419 C242 RT: 1.56 ESI+: 413 C243 RT: 1.74 ESI+: 395 C244 RT: 1.79 ESI+: 439 C245 RT: 2.58 ESI+: 526 C246 RT: 1.97 ESI+: 450 C247 RT: 2.54 ESI+: 459 C248 RT: 1.5 ESI+: 460 C249 RT: 1.24 ESI+: 446 C250 RT: 1.94 ESI+: 505 C251 RT: 2.71 ESI+: 455 C252 RT: 1.41 ESI+: 441 C253 RT: 1.15 ESI+: 455 C254 RT: 2.42 ESI+: 458 C255 RT: 2.82 ESI+: 507 C256 RT: 2.19 ESI+: 434 C257 RT: 2.1 ESI+: 405 C258 RT: 2.51 ESI+: 500 C259 RT: 3 ESI+: 521 C260 RT: 1.4 ESI+: 469 C261 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 422 C262 RT: 1.68 ESI+: 405 C263 RT: 1.97 ESI+: 419 C264 RT: 0.84 ESI+: 408 C265 RT: 1.82 ESI+: 419 C266 RT: 0.95 ESI+: 422 C267 RT: 1.24 ESI+: 411 C268 RT: 2.63 ESI+: 455 C269 RT: 1.05 ESI+: 462 C270 RT: 2.03 ESI+: 436 C271 RT: 2.18 ESI+: 455 C272 RT: 2.41 ESI+: 437 C273 RT: 2.33 ESI+: 437 C274 RT: 2.38 ESI+: 437 C275 RT: 2.59 ESI+: 468 C276 RT: 0.95 ESI+: 419 C277 RT: 2.58 ESI+: 483 C278 RT: 1.28 ESI+: 478 C279 RT: 2.38 ESI+: 469

TABLE 68 Ex DAT C280 RT: 1.78 ESI+: 397 C281 RT: 1.18 ESI+: 455 C282 RT: 2.24 ESI+: 455 C283 RT: 3.22 ESI+: 487 C284 RT: 1.69 ESI+: 470 C285 RT: 2.73 ESI+: 461 C286 RT: 1.49 ESI+: 465 C287 RT: 2.95 ESI+: 435 C288 RT: 2.59 ESI+: 483 C289 RT: 2.56 ESI+: 477 C290 RT: 1.23 ESI+: 450 C291 RT: 2.02 ESI+: 447 C292 RT: 1.83 ESI+: 485 C293 RT: 2.38 ESI+: 489 C294 RT: 2.22 ESI+: 456 C295 RT: 1.4 ESI+: 455 C296 RT: 1.61 ESI+: 497 C297 RT: 2.73 ESI+: 496 C298 RT: 0.9 ESI+: 405 C299 RT: 2.68 ESI+: 468 C300 RT: 1.39 ESI+: 410 C301 RT: 2.1 ESI+: 464 C302 RT: 1.61 ESI+: 397 C303 RT: 2.27 ESI+: 473 C304 RT: 1.68 ESI+: 451 C305 RT: 2.19 ESI+: 439 C306 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 463 C307 RT: 1.61 ESI+: 427 C308 RT: 1.92 ESI+: 411 C309 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 439 C310 RT: 2.17 ESI+: 473 C311 RT: 2.12 ESI+: 437 C312 RT: 2.07 ESI+: 425 C313 RT: 2.03 ESI+: 465 C314 RT: 2.14 ESI+: 449 C315 RT: 2.11 ESI+: 449 C316 RT: 2 ESI+: 437 C317 RT: 2.16 ESI+: 465 C318 RT: 1.66 ESI+: 411 C319 RT: 1.85 ESI+: 425 C320 RT: 2.04 ESI+: 439 C321 RT: 1.89 ESI+: 451 C322 RT: 2.53 ESI+: 479 C323 RT: 2.12 ESI+: 485 C324 RT: 2.19 ESI+: 489 C325 RT: 2.25 ESI+: 526 C326 RT: 2.2 ESI+: 451 C327 RT: 2.32 ESI+: 526 C328 RT: 2.22 ESI+: 453 C329 RT: 2.39 ESI+: 467 C330 RT: 2.1 ESI+: 459 C331 RT: 1.96 ESI+: 425 C332 RT: 2.15 ESI+: 459 C333 RT: 2.16 ESI+: 473 C334 RT: 2.01 ESI+: 437

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Since the compound that is an active ingredient of the pharmaceutical of the present invention has a potent agonistic action on a cannabinoid type 2 receptor, and an excellent pharmacological action based thereon, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used as an agent for preventing or treating diseases related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor, such as inflammatory diseases, pain, and the like. 

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A method for preventing or treating a disease related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R¹ is lower alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or halogeno-lower alkyl; R² is —C(O)R²⁰; W is —NH—; R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which optionally has 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen, and —OH, on the ring; each R⁰ is the same as or different from each other, each representing H or lower alkyl; R²⁰ is a nitrogen-containing saturated hetero ring group which optionally has 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G²; Group G² is lower alkyl, halogen, halogeno-lower alkyl, —C(O)OR⁰, —C(O)N(R⁰)₂, —CN, —X—OR⁰, —O-lower alkylene-OR⁰, —O-halogeno-lower alkyl, —OC(O)-lower alkyl, —X—N(R⁰)₂, oxo, —X—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —X—O—X—C_(—) ₆ cycloalkyl, —X-phenyl, or —X-morpholinyl; each X is the same as or different from each other, each representing a bond or lower alkylene or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein said disease related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor is an inflammatory disease.
 17. A method according to claim 15, wherein said disease related to a cannabinoid type 2 receptor is pain.
 18. A method according to claim 15, wherein R¹ is lower alkyl or C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl.
 19. A method according to claim 15, wherein R¹ is halogeno-lower alkyl.
 20. A method according to claim 15, wherein R²⁰ is 1-pyrrolidyl, 1-piperidyl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, which optionally has 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and halogen.
 21. A method according to claim 20, wherein R²⁰ is morpholin-4-yl or 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl.
 22. A method according to claim 21, wherein R³ is C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkyl which optionally has 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen, and OH, on the ring and has a bridge.
 23. A method according to claim 15, which comprises administering a compound selected from the group consisting of: N-adamantan-1-yl-5-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-cyclopropyl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrimidin-2-amine, rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-tert-butyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, N-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, 3-({5-[(3,3,4,4-tetrafluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)adamantan-1-ol, rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, 5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(1R,2S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-amine, 5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,5,7-trifluoroadamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, N-[(1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, and N-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.
 24. A method according to claim 15, comprising administering rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 25. A method according to claim 15, comprising administering rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-tert-butyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. A method according to claim 15, comprising administering rac-N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. A method according to claim 15, comprising administering 5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,5,7-trifluoroadamantan-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidin-2-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. A method according to claim 15, comprising administering N-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl-5-[(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidin-2-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 